The Global Supply Chain Business Essays - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1486 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Today globalization is no longer an option, but a matter of survival for companies. Global manufacturing and supply chain management are two of a companys most important tools when it comes to reducing costs and increasing revenues. Supply chain can be defined as a set of three or more entities (organizations or individuals) directly involved in the upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and/or information from a source to a customer (1). To explain this easier we can say that the supply chain is a way to organize the making of a product from the raw material supplier to the finished product which can be sold to consumers. The supply chain consists of three key parts; supply, manufacturing and distribution. The supply part includes how, when and where the business is going to get their raw materials they can use in the manufacturing. Manufacturing focuses on how to convert the materials to finished products, and the distribution part wil l try to get these products out to the consumers in the best way possible, through an organized network of distributors, warehouses and retailers. It is important for the company to form out a strategy, so that they take the best advantage of their supply chain. To ensure this, they can use the supply chain management to find the most efficient and cost-effective way. A business has to take a lot of choices when forming out its supply chain strategy. The management wants to run the business in the most efficient way, so that they can earn the highest profit possible. They have a lot of options on how to organize the supply chain. It can produce its input in-house, it can outsource it in the home country, it can produce them in a foreign country (FDI), or it can import them from a foreign supplier. The biggest multinational enterprises spread their supply chain over many countries which benefits from low average wages and undervalued currency. It is very popular to look at Asia, M exico or Eastern Europe when you want to outsource your manufacturing because the labor is so cheap in these areas. This may be a much more profitable way to manufacture their products compared to doing all of the production by themselves. To solve the make or buy problem, the company has to consider a couple of factors regarding an outsourcing-strategy. First of all they have to see if outsourcing the parts really would reduce the manufacturing costs. Thats often the most obvious reason to choose an outsourcing strategy. To achieve a complete overview of all the costs associated with outsourcing to another country, they can make a total cost analysis. Labor costs may be such a small part of the total costs, that it will not necessarily be profitable for the business. They also have to take into account all costs related to for instance transportation and storing. They also need to find a manufacturer they can depend on when it comes to products and price. In the same category we can put the importance of quality. They have to be sure that the products and services are of high quality, and that the speed of the delivery is acceptable. It is important that the finished products reach the market in time. A famous saying is: do what you do best and outsource the rest, and many firms live by this rule. It means that you need to find your core competence, which means the areas that make the firm unique, and where they may have a competitive advantage. Burt, Dobler and Starling (world class supply management (1) present a rule of thumb for outsourcing. According to them a firm should outsource all items unless it is critical to the success of the product, it requires specialized design, skills or equipment and there are only a few reliable suppliers, or if it is within the core competence of the business. If the item fits at least one of these characteristics, it should be produced in-house. Another thought is that you should outsource if it gives you bette r value for money compared to producing it in-house. There are of course many pros and cons by both in-house manufacturing and outsourcing. We will start by mention the most important advantages of outsourcing compared to making the part in-house. The primary and most common motivation to why businesses outsource parts of their manufacturing is the opportunity to save money. It is a well known truth that people in developing countries are paid far less than people in the West. U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics estimate that the average wage in China is 67 cents an hour. This is a number significantly lower than the average of 23, 65$ earned by US factory workers. Because of these conditions China has become the most popular country for companies to source out their manufacturing, and Wall Street Journal have described it as the worlds factory floor.(1) Other cost saving benefits in addition to lower salaries is that for every employee you can cut off, you can save costs and ma intenance of for example a computer and you can cut expenditures and time related to training of new employees. You might also save money connected to research and development (RD), marketing and launching. Another great advantage by outsourcing is that the subcontractor most likely is an expert in the service they provide, and it is their core competence. This means that the business is receiving a higher quality service than they would get with an in-house employee. The service provider also has a reputation to take care of, and if they dont deliver the quality that is expected, the competition is very high so they might be replaced by another subcontractor. If you are a relatively small firm you may not have enough capital to obtain the best technology, than you can take advantage of the subcontractors technology since that is part of their core business. When you choose to outsource your manufacturing business you get the opportunity to really focus on your core competence , and can develop this to a new level.This will give you an even bigger competitive advantage. A pro regarding outsourcing can also be that it is risk reducing and flexible. Changes in the environment such as market and technology can happen really fast, and it can be difficult to keep up with these changes. When a company outsource, the risks are divided between several different companies. A specialized supplier invests not only for one firm, but on the behalf of all clients. By sharing these investments, the risk reduces for each business. It is also more flexible because it is much easier to cut a supplier, than to tell an employee that he is fired. In some cases the fact that you have a specialist in your company, which normally will increase the quality and lower the costs, may be a factor that attracts customers. There are also a couple of disadvantages connected to outsourcing. There is of course always a risk that you dont earn the profit you expected by the out source investment. When you manufacture a component in-house you know what you get, but outsourcing is a way more insecure strategy Another disadvantage is that you will lose managerial control. When you subcontract your manufacturing you give the management and control to this company. The company you outsource to will have no connection to your business beyond the contract, and will not be driven by the same standards and guidelines as your company. You dont have the same quality control when outsourcing opposed to manufacturing in-house. Outsourcing may threat and upset your employees, and make them feel less important. This can affect the quality of their work. It is important to always keep your employees motivated. Employees are often far more loyal to their company, but the supplier will not feel the same connection. They often have a lot of customers and are motivated by profit. You may risk that they only want the job done, and that the quality of the job isnt as good as it should be. When you manufacture in-house you can find out when the products isnt of acceptable quality, and you still got the time to do something. When your outsourcing to a foreign supplier your extremely vulnerable that your products reaches the market in time. The products may be transported to the market just before the deadline, and if the quality isnt good enough its too late to send them back. This can make you lose your customers. Another option that has become an increasing trend the last decades are foreign direct investments (FDI). FDI can be defined as any form of investments in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor (1. There are several opportunities to how you can get into a foreign market by a FDI including franchising, joint ventures  Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Global Supply Chain Business Essays" essay for you Create order

Steps Of Decision Making Process - 1873 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FIVE STEPS OF DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Schiffman et al. (2011, pp. 460 - 481) maintain five steps of decision-making process which are: 1. Need recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternative 4. Purchase decision 5. Post-purchase evaluation These five steps would be applied to describe the interviewee s decision-making process: 1. Need recognition The interviewee recognized his need when his old printer started to malfunction a lot . It is time consuming to constantly fix it and replace things. He recognized it is time to get something new. He stated the printer mostly just for printing and scanning but what he wanted is a multi-functional printer. 2. Information search The interviewee did not have a specific band choice set before arriving at the office store. He comes to an office works store to see what brands they have and saw a huge package of HP printer placed right in the front of the entrance with a special deal of 30% off the retail price. When he had seen that, he wanted to have the deal. He then examined the price of the printer from other stores and do more research on the internet when he got home. The interviewee prefer searching for the type (functionality) of the printer first and then for the price when he use search engines. His references are consumer reviews on online blog sites and Amazon site, commercial Web sites as well as printer tests on PC magazine sites. The interviewee marked the relativeShow MoreRelatedThe Six Step Decision Making Process1157 Words   |  5 PagesBefore a company can make any decision on introducing a new product to the market it must undergo the six-step decision process. Many issues and profit loss can be avoided if the company undergoes the process and focus on their goal. 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A History of Portraiture Essay Example For Students

A History of Portraiture Essay The best record of non-photographic portraits would of course be statues in the pre-Roman era. Some of the earliest portraits date back to B. C. The most popular of these type of portraits were those done in Egypt. It was common to do a funeral portrait or a â€Å"mummy portrait. While in this time it was difficult to capture a person’s essence and personality in stone these types of portraits were used often to remember the deceased. Many other portraits were done during the medieval period in Europe. However, the church ruled in Europe during this time period. It was looked down upon to have a portrait done unless you were a noble figure or trying to reenact a consecrated figure of the church. Why you ask? Well it would give the subject of the portrait a likeness to God. Portraiture became extremely dominate in the Renaissance Era. During this period the use of perspective and light helped to create a more photorealistic portrait. Shadow was used to create depth and form in paintings. This got rid of the common â€Å"flat look† which pictures seemed to possess before this era. Artists such as Leonardo De Vinci and Rembrandt affected the way which portraits were created. We will write a custom essay on A History of Portraiture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Leonardo added color and layered his oil paints when doing portraits to give them a softer glow. Rembrandt added four different aspects, in his paintings, and to the way modern photographic portraiture is used today. The first is known as â€Å"Rembrandt lighting. With this type of lighting there is a small highlight on the shadow side of the face. By positioning the shadow differently it adds much more texture to the image than if the person’s face were entirely in the light. The second aspect would be choosing to face the subject slightly away from the light source, this is also known as â€Å"broad lighting. The third would be the ability to take into account the surroundings of the subject or the background. By giving the background lighting affects this added depth to his portraits. Lastly Rembrandt used a white cloth and draped it above the top of the window. This made sure that the light from the window would refract back downwards and surround his subject. The use of technology also became a part of portrait painting during the late Renaissance. Optic projections had become common knowledge by then. However, there is evidence to suggest that camera obscura and the use of mirrors was also common when painting portraits. The use of these techniques and tools while essential to painting, also became essential in photography as well. In the year 1839, portraiture changed from using subjects in paintings to capturing those subjects in photography. In that year both William Talbot and Louis Daguerre introduce the Daguerreotype and the Calotype. After both of these techniques had been introduced painter Paul Roche declared the art of painting to be dead. While incorrect, both the Calotype Daguerreotype did alter the art scene, especially when it came to portraiture. Photography lessened the time it took to make a portrait. While painting a portrait took hours of sitting completely still, with photography it took much less time to take and develop the portrait. As more time passed the faster and easier portraiture, in photography, could be done. Soon new materials reduced exposer time from fourty-five minutes to a few seconds, leaving more time to spend editing photographs. When the wet collodion process was introduced it became more assessable and affordable for the individual to do his or her own portraits. It was no longer a rich mans art. One of the most famous portraitists, who came about during this time, was Julia Margaret Cameron. She set the standard to not only capture your subject but to also capture the emotions the subject evokes. As the wet collodion process became more and more popular the number of people involved in portraiture also increased. Four more processes were added to development of pictures: the ambrotype, tintype, carte-de-viste and cabinet cards. The last two were types of card photographs. The less costly tintype became more popular than the ambrotype. It was easy to access and much less expensive. The tintypes started becoming increasingly in demand during Civil War and continued to be used up until the twentieth-century. Tintype studios became such a request that the photographs were sold at no more than a penny a piece. While this type of process is not in use today the poses which are used in tintypes are commonly used in â€Å"yearbook photographs† or â€Å"senior pictures. Also, during this time many painters started to use photography to work off of instead of requiring the subject to sit for hours on end in front of them. One of the painters, by the name of Franz Lenbach, had several photographers venture around Europe to take numerous images, which he could then convert to portraits. With the furthering of technology photographers could think more outside of the box when it came to positions in which to put their subject in. This allowed photographers to leave the studio as well. One of the most famous photographers, Edward S. Curtis, traveled throughout the United States taking many documentary pictures, as well as portraits. Another photographer, Irving Penn, actually took a small tent with him, creating the â€Å"world’s smallest dark room. As the popularity of photography increased, so did the formation of clubs and societies. Among these is the Royal Photographic society and The Professional Photographers of America. .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .postImageUrl , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:hover , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:visited , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:active { border:0!important; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:active , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Quick History Of Art Essay Research PaperSeveral schools came about to train photographers in a strong portrait course. While they were all named schools, education was not the primary purpose for them. Many photographers gathered at the schools to share their different techniques or ideas. As photography changed through its technology and use so did portraiture. One of trends which came about in the late 19th century was pictorialism. A few of the photographers who’s work was greatly affected by this movement were Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen and Clarence White. With this type of photography the photograph had a more romantic and soft look to it. With the publication of Camera Work, photography was given equal status to other forms of art, such as painting. Then came along the three photographers which impacted portraiture in an incredible way. The first portraitist was Cecil Beaton. He was a British portrait photographer and theatrical designer. His earliest portraits were of his sisters Nancy and Baba. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, but never finished out school. His career took an entirely different turn when he visited New York City. He received contracts with Vogue, Vanity Fair and Harper’s Bazaar. His work primarily focused on cultural icons in his day. His wanderlust compelled him to travel. Hollywood stars captured by his camera included Gary Cooper, Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo, and Katherine Hepburn, while painters ranged from Salvador Dalà ­ to Francis Bacon. His portraits spanned parts of six decades. In the 1930s he was commissioned to take a series of pictures of Queen Elizabeth. This job eventually led him to become the official Royal Family Portraitist. During World War II he was taken out of his glamorous environment and became a war photographer. His abilities, while were extremely obvious in photography, extended beyond that. He was also a writer and illustrator. His obvious association with celebrities of all kind gave him an influence on the way portraits were taken. While he used mostly standard poses he got his subjects to really convey certain sides of their personality which much of the world had not seen before. The second influential portraitist was Yousuf Karsh. Karsh was born in Turkey; he left turkey for Canada during World War II. He moved in with his uncle and soon was taught the basics of photography. His uncle then sent him to Boston under an apprenticeship. After three years of being under the wing of popular portrait photographer John H. Garo he moved back to Canada. In the nations capital of Ottawa, he opened a modest portrait studio. He hoped that its locations would be prime for photographing its important figures and international visitors. Karsh was quoted as saying in the Independent. So meager was Karshs budget for the launch of his own studio that most of the furniture consisted of orange crates. In his spare time, Karsh became involved with a local theater group, where he learned more about lighting and the use of artificial light in photography. It was at the theater group that the photographer first met actress Solange Gauthier. He later married her. One of the more unique things which Karsh did was to study his subjects before he took photographs of them. In an account of his preparations for a photo shoot, Karsh wrote, as quoted in the Independent, Before I begin, I will have studied my subject to the best of my ability, and within broad limits know what I am hoping to find, and what I hope to be able to interpret successfully. The qualities that have attracted me to the subject are those that will satisfy me if I can portray them in the photograph, and that will most probably satisfy views of the picture as we ll. I am fascinated by the challenge of portraying greatness with my camera (Yousuf). Karsh first captured international attention with his December 1941 portrait of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. During a brief visit to Ottawa, Churchill reluctantly agreed to sit for Karsh. He warned the photographer that he would give him two minutes and not a second more to take his picture. With that, Churchill lit up one of his trademark cigars. Seconds later, Karsh snatched the cigar from Churchills lips and then snapped the picture. The resulting photo was sold to Life magazine for only $100. This photograph eventually became the most widely reproduced portrait in the history of photography. The portrait of Churchill gave Karsh recognition all over the world. Not long after this the Canadian government sent Karsh to England to photograph several British military leaders. The widely circulated Churchill portrait brought a major change in Karshs life. No longer did he have to seek out subjects. They came looking for him. To be Karshed was a true sign that a celebrity had arrived. Karsh photographed every American president from Herbert Hoover to Bill Clinton. Although no one other than Karsh knows for sure, it has been estimated that he photographed 17,000 people over six decades. .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .postImageUrl , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:hover , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:visited , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:active { border:0!important; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:active , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World History Renaissance 9th GradeAnother part of Karsh, which made him such a great photographer, was that he was deeply respected by his subjects. His brother said â€Å"People knew they had a master with them and they appreciated that opportunity. † Karsh sought to bring out people’s true personality and world views in his photography. One of the most famous quotes is â€Å"I believe that it is the artists job to accomplish at least two things-to stir the emotions of the viewer and to lay bare the soul of his subject. When my own emotions have been stirred, I hope I can succeed in stirring those of others. But it is the mind and soul of the personality before my camera that interests me most, and the greater the mind and soul, the greater my interest (Yousuf). The last photographer which effected portraiture on a grand scale was Arnold Newman. Arnold Newman was an American photographer. He tended to specialized in portraits of well-known people posed in settings associated with their work. This approach is known as â€Å"environmental portraiture†. He started out studying art at the University of Miami in Florida. After that he took a job as an assistant in a photography studio. In 1941 he was blessed with his first exhibition in New York City. He continued to visit New York until he finally moved there and opened his own studio in 1946. Although his early portraits concentrated on well-known artists, he gradually broadened his subject matter to include famous people of all types, such as: writers, composers, political leaders and scientists. He always posed them in a way which best reflected their personality and occupation. The 76 photographic portraits of eminent Britons that Newman made for the National Portrait Gallery in London were published in the book The Great British. As you can tell these three while coming from different backgrounds and parts of the world all have one thing in common. They try to reflect part of the subject’s emotions or experiences in the photograph. While some people in portraiture do not use these techniques without them it isn’t much of a portrait. Yes there are portraits of people which are used in the year book but they aren’t as exciting as these ones. In order to create dynamic photos a photographer must decide what particular emotion or feel the photographer wants the viewer to recognize. For this it is essential to understand the subject in order to make a good portrait. People want to be understood, and to relate to the photographer making their portrait. Much of portrait photography focuses primarily on the face or eyes of a subject. It is said that eyes are windows to a person’s soul, which makes sense for why it is so popular in portrait photography. Light Dynamics are what make portraits possible and interesting. This has always been true with painting, and it is true now with digital portraiture. Photographers as well as painters use light to make portraits come alive. Light gives figures form and volume through the addition of highlights and shadows. While light dynamics brighten portraits, we rarely see the light source itself. When light is visible in a portrait we generally see light that is scattered, or out of focus. While some people believe that portrait photography is not an essential part of photography, they could do without it, that it is simply â€Å"documentation. † While yes, in the beginning of portraiture painting and portrait photography it was strictly for the rich and noble figures of the time. Today Portrait photography has become vital. It is safe to say that photography would not be what it is today without portraiture. From a very early age we are subjects of photography, especially in portraiture. It captures humans through their greatest achievements, such as graduating their college of choice, or the little ones, such as the first day going to the beach. Either way portraits capture something about human beings. It encompasses not only the physical and outer image but also the inner image of ourselves. Bibliography: Admin. Understanding Portrait Photography. A Photography Blog. 121 Clicks, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.  . Benigno, John. Masters of Photography. Cecil Beaton. N.p., 09 Jan. 2011. Web. 18 Oct. 2012.  . Newman, Arnold, and Philip Brookman. Arnold Newman. Kà ¶ln: Taschen, 2000. Print. Rand, Glenn, and Tim Myer. A Very Brief History of Photography. N.p.: Rocky Nook, n.d. Book. 28 Dec. 2009.  . Tippett, Maria, Dr. Portrait in Light and Shadow: The Life of Yousuf Karsh. N.p.: Yale UP, n.d. Print. Yousuf Karsh Biography. Yousuf Karsh Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2012.  . 10 Famous Portrait Photographers You Have To Discover! Famous Portrait Photographers You Have To Discover! Photography Art Cafe, 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.

The Role of the High Court in Australias system of government

Introduction The Australian High Court is the highest independent judicial arm of the government, which is also a significant feature of Australia’s liberal-democratic governance (Patapan, 2010, p. 167; Banks, 2007, p. 16).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the High Court in Australia’s system of government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main functions of this court include interpreting and applying the Australian constitution, solving cases regarding the federal system of governance such as instances where the constitutional validity of the laws is challenged, and officiating appeal cases (Singleton et al., 2009, p.64). However, in the recent past, there have been arguments over the court’s role in the shifting balance of power, which tends to favor the Commonwealth. As a result, there is the need to look into the factors underlying this shift in the balance of power and the relevant constitutional interpretations since the initial constitution provided for the preservation of the balance of power between the commonwealth and the states (Singleton et al., 2009, p.64). To this end, the essay will look at the role of the high court in interpreting the wording of the Australian constitution by considering the Engineers case (Amalgamated Society of Engineers Vs Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd) of 1920. In addition, this essay aims at illustrating the High Court’s role as a political institution of governance through considering the court’s input in supporting the legislation regarding income tax, which was enacted by the Commonwealth in 1942. Overall, the two cases will serve as examples of the roles played by the high court in interpreting the Australian constitution, and acting as a political institution in the Australian system of governance.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the High Court in interpreting the laws Considering that all the constitutional rights of appeal bestowed upon the Privy Council have been abolished in the recent past, it is certain that the Australian constitution allows the High Court to interpret the laws (Singleton et al., 2009, p.65). This implies that all the constitutional cases including appeals originating from different jurisdictions, which bear a greater political significance to the federal government, are referred to the High Court. Here, it is worth noting that most constitutional cases are based on disagreements involving the balance of power between the federal and the state governments particularly in matters dealing with trade, banking, and arbitrations (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 65; Wiltshire, 2008, p. 31). Thus, the decisions made by the High Court regarding these cases can have far-reaching implications since they form the framework for decisions made by other courts se veral years later. Accordingly, since its inception, the High court’s rulings have been centered on controlling the federal powers, giving wider interpretations of the federal powers, sustaining the role played by the Commonwealth in governance without bias, and as can be noted from the recent developments, the High Court is engaged in providing additional interpretations of the powers held by the federal government (Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 105). However, of particular interest in this respect is the court’s role in the Engineers case whereby it was decided that the federal adjudication powers as provided in section 51(xxxv) of the constitution could also apply in other parts of the country including Western Australia (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 66; Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 115). Additionally, regarding the Engineers case, the High Court is said to have given the Commonwealth the full control over worker’s wages at the national level.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on The Role of the High Court in Australia’s system of government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In so doing, the court can be regarded to as playing the role of reshaping the constitutional interpretations put forward in 1901, and thus, providing a framework upon which the disagreements arising between the Commonwealth and the States can be solved. Here, the court played the role of a constitutional adjudicator considering that despite enlarging the legislative powers of the Commonwealth on one hand, it also confined these powers on the other hand. Further, it is to be noted that the majority of the court was of the idea that the interpretation of the constitution should be based on its original wording, and not on implied prohibitions or implied immunity, which were two major doctrines used by the courts in the early 1900s (Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 119). Therefore, by giving the constitution its norma l word meaning, the High Court extended the powers of the Commonwealth to cover some aspects, which were initially prohibited by interpreting the laws on the basis of the drafters’ wishful meanings of the constitutional wording. However, it should be noted that this broader interpretation of the laws was not meant to give the federal government an upper hand, but it served to check almost all aspects of governance, and to maintain the balance of power between the federal and state governments (Wiltshire, 2008, p. 35). The role of the High Court as a political institution If we had to examine what the drafters of the Australian constitution had in mind, it is certain that they wanted to develop the US-system of the judiciary, which performs various functions such as the federal judicial review (Banks, 2007, p. 18). Here, the role played by the High Court entails examining the laws made in both the Commonwealth and the State legislatures in order to ensure that they fall within the provisions of the constitution.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accordingly, considering that disputes could arise between the federal and state governments such as the one discussed above, there is the paramount need to have a mediator who should be impartial and unconcerned with issues raised by either party in order for justice to be served. This role could not fit any institution apart from the Australian High Court. As a result, the High Court can be regarded to as an arbiter of federalism or an advocate of the Australian constitution (Patapan, 2010, p.168). It then follows that the decisions made by the High Court will have extensive political implications. For instance, during the war-time in 1942, the federal government came up with a legislation meant to control the overall income tax, a move which was challenged in court by the state governments (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 169). In this constitutional conflict, the High Court ruled in favor of the federal government, and thus gave the Commonwealth the authority to implement uniform tax ation at the national level. This implied that the state governments could not impose their own taxes outside those implemented by the Commonwealth. Besides, it is to be noted that the court also gave a broader meaning of section 90, which entails the Excise, and thus limiting the taxation power of the Commonwealth in some aspects. These decisions of the court point to the fact that it plays a political role in that the High Court has the power to look into the actions of both the legislature and the executive in order to determine whether those actions fall within the exact meaning of the constitution. Furthermore, the case shows instances where the High Court can annul some actions of the executive, which may not be based on proper interpretation of the constitution. Moreover, this case is one of many instances where the High Court came in to help solve constitutional conflicts arising from wrong interpretation of the constitution or obscure laws (Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 105). Her e, it is also important to note that the High Court was acting purely within its constitutional mandate, which dictates that such conflicts be treated as legal questions irrespective of the impending political consequences. Overall, the court’s decisions show that the High Court judges understand their role in the political sphere and judicial review (Patapan, 2010, p. 169). References List Banks, R 2007, Hot topics: legal issues in plain language, Legal Information Access Centre, Australia. Patapan, H 2010, High court, (Insert the publisher and the Town for the book you scanned for me). Singleton et al. 2009, High court, (Insert the publisher and the Town for the book that you scanned for me). Ward, T Stewart, R 2010, Politics one (4th ed), Palgrave MacMillan, Australia. Wiltshire, K 2008, ‘Australian federalism: the business perspective’, The University of  New South Wales Law Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 31-45. This essay on The Role of the High Court in Australia’s system of government was written and submitted by user Renee Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History Essay

History Essay The first thing you should do when writing a history essay is to  study  the question very attentively and get its meaning. It may seem too obvious, but still, most history essays are off the point. The  thesis  is almost the main thing in your history essay. Usually, you may come across this term in other kinds of essays, but when it comes to history essay it is a real thesis. It should not be the assumption of your idea, or opinion or argument. It should be your thesis. Pay attention to the  logical arrangement of your essay. Bear in mind, that it is beneficial to stick to the common essay structure: Introduction Body Conclusion Try to do your best to make the introduction of your history essay straightforward and convincing. Here you should introduce your thesis and reveal the course you are going to take. Using general or specific terms present the point you were intended to prove in your essay. The body is the part of your essay where you have to reveal the facts to support your thesis (to give validity to your thesis). You may arrange the body of your historic essay in the following ways: the chronological the categorical the stages of development In the conclusion, you have to sum up everything that was mentioned in the introduction and the body. You have to some extend to refresh all the main points that support your thesis. And some last tips to make your history essay a  successful one: use compact language. Assigned to write a history essay? Here is a great list of topics for your essay on history: History Essay Topics Having no idea of a topic to write on? Or having problems with composing your history essay?  Order your history essay online.

Public Policy Problems

Public Policy Problems Dye (2010 p.4) explains policy analysis as the process of getting to know the activities of governments, why they have to undertake such events, and the difference they realize from the activities. Policy analysis is primarily concerned with an explanation as opposed to the prescription of policy matters.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Public Policy Problems specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It involves a rigorous investigation into the causes of public policies and the associated consequences. Generally, policy analysis includes an effort to come up with and test propositions about events and activities that lead to public policy and the consequences thereof, to collect enough and reliable findings from a research activity of significant relevance (Dye, 2010, p.5). According to Jans (2007) public policy is concerned with the public and the problems it faces, that is, how the issues and problems are describe d and constructed, how they fit in the policy and political agenda, how options in policymaking emerge, why governments act or fail to work and the effects of the system. Through policy analysis, it becomes possible to describe, using factual information, what a given government is doing, and what it is not doing. Policy analysis also sets the platform for an inquiry into determinants and causes of particular public policy issues. From the established causes and determinants, the consequences and impacts of public policy can be inquired, including evaluation of the system in a clear and precise way (Dye, 2010, p.6). Policy analysis reveals time and context as the significant determinants of the government agenda; for instance, similar agenda items are likely to be prioritized in states whose welfare levels are identical. Moreover, issues are determined by economic cycles, for example, flexibility in labor terms and increase in efficiency alleviates public crises while the improved q uality of life and enhanced worker welfare leads to overall growth in the economy (Jans, 2007). Generally, issues that conform to the policy paradigm that is, the leading policy ideas determine the policy that is adopted by the government at a given time. Policy analysis culminates in the understanding of public policy. It is both an art and a craft. As an art, it requires creativity, imagination, and insight in identification and description of problems in the society, in coming up with public policies to alleviate the issues, and in determining whether the systems improve the state of things or not. As a craft, policy analysis requires a broad knowledge base in economics, public administration, political science, psychology, sociology, statistics, engineering, law, natural sciences, and others. Policy analysis is, in fact, an applied subfield that encompasses all the above traditional academic disciplines (Dye, 2010, p.8).Advertising Looking for research paper on governmen t? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For the policymakers to perfect their craft to come up with policies that will improve the society, they need to bring together technocrats from the various fields to work together in the process of policy formulation and implementation. Policymakers from different areas will view the public problems from multiple dimensions hence solve the issues more comprehensively. Participation of technocrats from multiple areas of specialization, therefore, is an effective way of ensuring the craft of policymaking is perfected. Moreover, the policymaking process should be reviewed and scrutinized through public participation and incremental development. Policy analysis has limitations that include subjectivity in interpretation, the possibility of disagreeing over policy problems, defects in the design of human research and the fact that government power on policy is limited and human behavior is comp licated. References Dye, T.R. (2010). Understanding Public Policy (13th Ed.). Longman: Pearson Prentice Hall. Jans, M. T. (2007). A framework for public policy analysis and policy evaluation. Brussels: Vrije University

Mechanical Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mechanical Engineering - Essay Example Mechanics deals with fluid ranging from water to the hypersonic gases that flow around the space vehicles. Mechanics is also concerned with the motion of things ranging from a particle to complex structures such as machines. Designing is considered to be the most satisfactory job for mechanical engineers. For the purpose of designing and building a brand new car, the engineers must give importance to its weight and the amount of power it consumes. Other aspects that must be considered while designing a car are the size and shape of the car, the material, safety, and reliability. Synthesis occurs when an engineer pulls together all the factors required in the design for manufacturing a new car. Design problems can be quite challenging for the engineers as most of these problems  are open-ended with one or more best answer present. One of the biggest challenges for mechanical engineers is that people usually suggest them that they find it hard to adopt a sustainable lifestyle because individuals present around them are not doing the same. They want the collective movement of the individuals presents around them who are taking the same measures as them to protect the environment, otherwise, somebody alone performing the duty feels as if he is being self-sacrificed. The responsibility can, however, be transferred when it is said that there is a need to develop a centralized system before the individuals may opt to live a fully sustainable lifestyle backed by technology using the sustainable mechanical engineering techniques. Mechanical engineers are traditionally known for solving problems.  

Read book Mystic River by Dennis Lehane Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Read book Mystic River by Dennis Lehane - Essay Example In the case of the character of Dave, his ‘tanha’ had caused him to question and even deny God’s rule over the earth. This may be influenced by significant events of Dave’s past, namely the incident of when he is sexually molested which ultimately changes his childhood and his outlook and attitude towards the outside world. Moreover, those around him find him hard to understand, as it is difficult to comprehend him due to the ambiguity of his statements and expressions. This makes him seem like a conspicuous character, suggesting perhaps, that he is ill at ease and unsettled, lacking a sense of peace and direction. There is an internal conflict within Dave, wherein he is struggling with his dark side that not only allures him with satanic temptations, but also forces him to treat others in the same way he had been treated in his life. Again, the theme of the power of the past contributing greatly to the characters is apparent with Jimmy. Jimmy’s atta chment to the past causes him a lack of Apatheia. Despite his efforts to take control of his own life, he finds it difficult to accept the fact that there are certain circumstances for which he has no control over; that is, he cannot go back to the events of his past. This may be exhibited in his question of guilt. These questions have made his wife wonder if is indeed feeling remorse or if his actions are merely an obligation due to his love and responsibility of his daughter. The fact that he himself is conflicted on whether or not he feels guilty further elaborates this. To him, guilt is merely temporary, it comes and goes in passing, but there is a disconnect with true emotions. As he continues to struggle with moving forward with his life, stark reminders of his past continue to plague him. Because is unable to rescue the deeds of his past (his karmas), he remains in an altered form of Apatheia. According to Hindu mythology, a man must face his own karmas for the duration of hi s lifetime (Livingstone). His lack of Apatheia causes him to seek a life of innocence, which is impossible for him. This frustrates him and causes him to lead a life of suffering. Sean on the other hand, is a character who believes in Halakha, which is the idea of a perfect moral ethic. Halakha is a perfect ethical rule that may be able to lead mankind to peace. Sean is a character who had lived a comfortable childhood and partially believes in laws and commandments which may result in a healthy solution. He is one who would have preferred religious ethics such as perfect theocracy to their religious insight. Although Sean’s profession prompts him to bring about law and order, issues in his personal life tempt him to opt to misuse law and order for his own gains. Theological reflection is not only seen in the characters, but in the setting as well. However, the classical approach to religion is replaced by authors and philosophers that may be termed as ‘religious existe ntialist’. Jimmy’s struggles with his actions reflect the kind of punishment described by Dostoevsky in his view of Christianity. His view sees Christianity as closer to spiritualism such as with Hinduism, Islam, and other eastern religions (Dostoevsky, n.p.). In Hinduism, ‘karmas’ leads one to the punishment he must face. In the same way Jimmy’s actions leads him to the punishment he would eventually have to deal with. Jimmy deals with a moral crisis when he reflects on how

Water Pollution Essay Example for Free

Water Pollution Essay Clean water is extremely essential for a healthy living. It is lifes most important basic necessity while dirty water is one of the deadliest killers. UN has estimated that 10 people die every minute from contaminated water. The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of all sickness and disease in developing countries is due to unsafe water. As water pollution is one of the most widespread problems and it has deadly effects, I chose this topic. Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e. g. lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater). Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds. The project includes the Global perspective, National perspective, possible scenarios and my personal views about this issue. GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Water pollution today happens all over the world. Many major cities and countries form a part of it. The top five polluting countries are China, USA, Russia, India and Japan. The water and sanitation crisis claims more lives through disease than any war claims through guns. Some 6,000 children die every day from disease associated with lack of access to safe drinking water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene equivalent to 20 aircrafts crashing every day. According to UN statistics every day 2 million tons of human wastes are disposed of in water bodies. In developing countries, 70% of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply. The sources of water pollution throughout the world are, Â · Fertilizers: Synthetic fertilizers can easily leech into lakes or rivers with the help of rainwater or excessive watering leading to water pollution. Fertilizers being drained into the rivers or lakes cause enrichment in nutrients and give rise to growth of algae. Projected increases in fertilizer use for food production and inn waste water effluents over the next 30 years suggest there will be 15% global increase in nitrogen flow into rivers. Â · Chemical industries: They release harmful chemicals into river and water bodies. Today these wastes need to be treated before releasing but not much attention is paid to this and so, waste is released into water without treating. Sewage contains a high amount of pathogens and when it reacts with water causing oxygen to be removed. So removal of oxygen from water life becomes impossible in water. Â · Oil Spills: Africa has highest amount of polluted water, South Africa to be specific is most polluted country. The government has taken control over the pollution by putting measures and treating wastes before disposals. Africa being a developing continent, cannot afford the cost of treating all the waste and in some industries they dispose the waste directly in water bodies. People there don’t focus on harvesting the rainwater like in China or India. In Europe, the most polluted coasts are of Lithuania and Estonia, 70% of all surface water is polluted due to industrial activities. Poland has high rate of water pollution which causes shortage of water for industrial use. Baltic Sea is considered to be most polluted in the world. In Asia most polluted waters are to be found in China. 70% of China’s water is heavily polluted. This is due to untreated sewages and industrial influence. About two million people suffer from serious disease caused by unsafe water. It is well known fact that US tap water is safest in the world, generally safe from microbes and chemicals. However, this is true for some states only, while some states are still getting contaminated water. Many Americans still drink tap water without even knowing it. Congress in America passed The Water Act in 1974 that could set national limits on certain contaminants in tap water. In 2009 the EPA warned that threats to drinking water have increased. Australia has a low rate of water pollution which is declining in near future. Many water projects are going in Australia and people are enthusiastically helping to solve the problem of unsafe drinking water. Main source of pollution at Sydney’s beach is affluent discharge from north head, Bodi and Malabar waste water treatment plants. Natural small creeks and drainage lines have been replaced with networks of canals and pipes. Waste water treatment plants collect waste water and remove solids and then treat waste water before realizing it into the environment. Starting the treatment of water today can help us save large numbers of lives. Thus, it forms a major crisis in the world. Time has come to solve it. NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE- I am an Indian, to be more specific from the state of Gujarat and a city named Rajkot. I’m very privileged to live in a country which is water adequate. It is adequate which means it is enough for need, but unfortunately not enough for greed. Its a fact the water will be the world’s most serious issue in the coming years. Someone rightly said that the third world war will be over water, considering India Fights have already started on small scale over water. At present the following states of India are involved in legal battles over the following rivers. For example the states Kerala, Tamil nadu, Pondicherry and Karnataka are fighting over the river Kaveri and Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka are fighting over river Krishna. India is amongst the top water polluters in the world. Since several decades, industrial wastes like chemicals, oils and other poisonous things are discharged into the rivers in large quantities. In India, rivers have a great religious importance and they are considered holy. People travel miles to bathe in these rivers. Due to these pollutions, the water which was considered ‘Amrita’ (Immortal Drink) has now certainly become poison. Till some extent bathing in the river does cause water pollution but there are other several religious rituals like ‘Visarjan’ and flowing of Asthiya. Not just the religious customs but even the sewage is drained into these rivers. People even wash their clothes in the river. It has been found that expired medicines and used injections are thrown into the rivers. Out of the 1400 km of the river Yamuna, 600 km from Panipat to Etawa has been officially declared to be dead (this means this stretch of the river has 0% dissolved oxyg en meaning that neither can water support any type of life nor is it suitable for any kind of use). Experts have found out through surveys that the level of coliform (harmful bacteria) in water to be a dangerous 50 in 100ml in drinking water. For bathing water, it is an approximate of 500 per 100ml. More than 500 means that the water is not even fit for bathing and it has been found that Delhi’s level of coliform is between 9,000,000 and 10,000,000. This is the condition of the capital city; it can be assumed that in other parts of the country the conditions are worse. Even though the Indian government has introduced many acts outlawing water pollution it is unable to enforce it strongly and people are still dumping wastes into water. Industrial wastes are also dumped into the ground by injecting them deep inside, this pollutes the underground freshwater. In India water pollution in itself is a major issue, but it is also impacting on the health of the people. The industrially polluted water is treated by ordinary techniques, which still are not able to filter out the heavy metals such as lead and cadmium. This water is used in agricultural practices, and the produced crops for example the fruits and vegetables contain these poisonous substances in small quantities which can cause health problems like: Lead: affects the IQ level of kids. Mercury: affects people’s brains. It also affects pregnant women and maybe passed on to their children through blood and breast feeding. This may also lead to mutation. I all personally face a lot many problems due to water pollution. As I live in Rajkot, a city which lies within the watershed expansion of Aji riverbasin and it is a network of 19 natural drainage courses, loally known as ‘Voklas’. Unfortunately these voklas are being used for sewage disposals resulting in pollution of Aji –river in downsream of Aji dam, which collects the water from Aji and Nyari river, therefore both the dams are fully polluted. An analysis of different water bodies in downstream of Aji dam indicates the most of water bodies within city limit are contaminated. Pollution of underground water due to electro-plating industries and sari-printing industries is also observed. POSSIBLE SCENARIOS : Today, water has become a major world issue. It affects the world, it means it affects each of us human beings. The concentration of water pollution is expected to increase in future, as with the growing trend today, water has become a major world issue. It affects the world; it means it affects each of us human beings. The concentration of water pollution is expected to increase in future, as there is going to advancement in industries, agriculture and may other contributing factors of water pollution. The problems are going to multiply in the future. Starting from the effects on the mankind, 75% of the world’s human population will have fresh water shortages, some of a very serious nature.. This will include Western developed countries. (Already in 2008, 1/3rd of humanity was struggling daily for fresh water for drinking, cooking and washing). Presently the health is already affected badly, if all the water gets polluted the scenario will worsen. Water is a major issue but it can be even more problematic in the future as the quality of the water is deteriorating. Of fresh water that is available for use, a high degree of pollution of all types is likely (organic, chemical and energetic). If this continues to happen than many problems can occur like diseases spread due to bad quality of water will increase and medical facility will need to be provided. If bad water reaches farms than whole of the produce will be ruined and people will fall sick and economic problems will be faced by the farmers and the vegetable market will have chances of collapsing. Clean water will not be available for drinking, the level of pollution will have risen so much that it would be very expensive to get and only a few people will be able to afford it. Again due to this the people falling ill will increase. And filtering water may become expensive as the water would be more polluted than before and so coast of processing and filtering of water will increase by a large number. Salination of the coastal regions form rising seas, with salt seeping into ground waters, again it will add to government’s costs and so people will have to pay more for drinking water than today. Collapse of artesian supplies from overuse and insufficient run back underground, the ground water is therefore depleting. If states today are fighting for water today people might fight for water and small issue about water may start a fight that might be difficult to stop. If not acted now the future of water is going to be very bad. [Word count- 1856] BIBLIOGRAPHY: WEB http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/env_wat_fre_pol-environment-water-freshwater-pollutionb_printable=1v=1022 http://www.grinningplanet.com/2005/07-26/water-pollution-facts-article.htm USA http://home.deds.nl/~jamedia/The_last_drop/Water_Pollution.html- WATER POLLUTION (overall) http://www.grinningplanet.com/2005/07-26/water-pollution-facts-article.htm -science WATER POLLUTION http://www.unwater.org/statistics_pollu.html UNITED NATIONS (statistics) http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/en/- HEALTH AND WATER POLLUTON http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/-HEALTH AND WATER POLLUTION http://www.satyamevjayate.in/issue12/indiasays/- NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE (INDIA) http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/water-pollution- INDIA water issues http://www.livestrong.com/article/268337-future-effects-of-pollution/#ixzzz24e64z8mw- Future scenario

Essay --

How Christianity shaped lives during Medieval times. Late at night when bedtime draws near, we turn off the lamp, shut off our productivity and slumber into quietness. We become productive and energetic again with the sun rise. What happens when the lamp, used here as a metaphor for civilization, does not switch back on and we are forced to live in complete misery and darkness. That is how the Middle Ages can be described. It was a time of darkness, misery and pain and not even the sun could bright the day up. The vast limitations that the church had on society can be blamed for thousands of deaths during that time. In this essay i will discuss the responsibility the church had for an uncountable amount of deaths by leading you through the main occurrences where the church came into play. I will also discuss how different the social groups were affected with the church’s behavior. During the early years of a time so dark, catholicism emerged and started setting, what is known today as ’‘The Middle Ages’’ into motion. As far back as (590) AD, the Catholic church started to dominate Rome, its influence was so strong that in a matter of years, when Roman empires crumbled, it had the whole western world under control. Christianity was more than a religion during that time, it was all they knew. It was their morning, their afternoon and their night, it was all they were allowed to know. The immense authority the church had on the people left them unable to function freely in society, it was as if they were held captive by what seemed moral to them. The church almost served as a tyrant government, they had their own lands, taxes and laws. They say that with power comes money, this was the case with the church, they were gaining in b... ...daily life of every social group, therefore it was beyond influential. But why were they so powerful and dominant? Well because they assured you that your after life was going to be pleasant and that you were going to Heaven instead of Hell. The church gave them hope, they convinced people, especially the peasants that all their hard labor was for good use.The peasants saw Sunday as a bliss, something to look forward to, the two hour sermon offered highly intellectual wordings and made the peasants feel worthy. As a conclusion, we know through literature and art that it is evident and clear that the church had immense power and control over the people . With their political schemes and agriculture authority, they did not only, directly or indirectly, kill hundred of thousands of people but they put the Middle Ages in a frozen time, where no developments occurred.

Is Social Networking an Effective Marketing Tool Essay

Marketing Strategies Many businesses have started to incorporate market strategies as a way of increasing profitability. Small business can create market strategies to target their market more effectively and have a competitive edge over competition. Lyndon Simkin, (2000) stated â€Å"If the â€Å"right† opportunities are pursued, customers are properly probed, the â€Å"right† customers targeted with a marketing proposition designed to give a business an edge over its rivals, it is highly likely that customers will be satisfied, market share will rise in core target markets and profitability will accordingly support a viable future.† Having a strategy in place will allow you to set objectives such as increasing your share of the market that your business currently is in. Market strategies for small businesses are to develop the growth of the company. Analysing you target market and introducing a way in which you can target this market. The following are how marketing strategy allows business to set objectives Current product/current market Market penetration is a strategy of increasing your share of existing markets. You might achieve this by raising customers’ awareness of your products and services or finding new customers. Current product/new market Market development is a strategy of finding and entering new markets with your current product or service range. The new market could be a new region, a new country or a new segment of the market. New product/current market Product development is a strategy for enhancing benefits you deliver to customers by improving your existing products and services or developing new ones. New product/new market Diversification is a strategy that usually carries high costs and high risks. It often requires firms to adopt new ways of doing business and so has consequences far beyond simply offering new products/services in a new market. It is therefore usually a strategy to be adopted when other options are not feasible. http://www.is4profit.com/business-advice/sales-marketing/marketing-strategy.html Marketing Tools Online There are many marketing tools available for businesses to use and utilising the best one to fully create brand awareness for your product is vital. Geoffrey J. Simmons, (2007) realises â€Å"Companies are finding that they are having to redefine their marketing and branding strategies due to the unique characteristics of the internet and its capacity to change old rules.†. Due to the growth of users using internet, marketing tools have been developed so that businesses can market their products online. Marketing online has been as an important way for business to create brand awareness and target customers effectively. Online advertisement is now seen as the most effective way of marketing therefore many different ways have been introduced to advertise on the internet. Amalesh Sharma, (2011) stated â€Å"The development of data intensive instruments, transformation of societal and relationship management, optimization of Search engine marketing, exclusive networking and other online resources are eliminating the traditional form of marketing.† Search Engine Optimization Marketing Search engines are seen as essential way of companies to be seen by potential customers. Kristin Kennedy, Bonnie Brayton Kennedy, (2008) stated â€Å"The key to being found by the right people at the right time lies with search engines. There are essentially two ways a customer will find a business site via a search engine, through an organic or a pay-per-click (PPC) listing.† Using a search engine you are allowing yourself to be found new customers but search engines don’t offer differentiation so many of your competitors can be listed alongside you therefore not giving your business the competitive edge. Search engine optimization can be a less effective way for small business as it is marketed alongside big companies which was found out by Kristin Kennedy, Bonnie Brayton Kennedy, (2008) they stated a â€Å"small manufacturer of gold jewelry will probably not get top billing over Tiffany’s on the organic list, unless they spend a significant amount of time and money on developing their web site design and advertising.† E-mail Marketing Small businesses have been using email marketing as a way of marketing their products and reaching out to the target market. Anita Jackson, Ray DeCormier,stated â€Å"E-mail offers a promising tool to enhance brand loyalty as it helps marketers keep in touch with their customers on a regular basis at low cost.† Small businesses are using this method to create and reach out to their target market. Using this mthod to market their business and product to create more brand awareness. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0263-4503&volume=17&issue=3&articleid=854456&show=html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1061-0421&volume=13&issue=7&articleid=857868&show=html http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1751-5637&volume=12&issue=4&articleid=1937676&show=html Do you feel other ways of online marketing would benefit your company more? http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0263-4503&volume=18&issue=3&articleid=854495&show=html ) Lyndon Simkin, (2000) (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0263-4503&volume=25&issue=6&articleid=1628110&show=html#idb72) Geoffrey J. Simmons, (2007) .†( http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=1751-5637&volume=12&issue=4&articleid=1937676&show=html ). Amalesh Sharma, (2011) Kristin Kennedy, Bonnie Brayton Kennedy, (2008) (http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?issn=0140-9174&volume=31&issue=10&articleid=1746719&show=html)

Characteristics of the Byronic Hero

The Byronic hero–so named because it evolved primarily due to Lord Byron’s writing in the nineteenth century—is, according to Peter Thorslev, one of the most prominent literary character types of the Romantic period: Romantic heroes represent an important tradition in our literature . . .. In England we have a reinterpreted Paradise Lost, a number of Gothic novels and dramas . . . the heroic romances of the younger Scott, some of the poetry of Shelley, and the works of Byron. In all of these works the Byronic Hero is the one protagonist who in stature and in temperament best represents the [heroic] tradition in England. Thorslev 189) A Byronic hero exhibits several characteristic traits, and in many ways he can be considered a rebel. The Byronic hero does not possess â€Å"heroic virtue† in the usual sense; instead, he has many dark qualities. With regard to his intellectual capacity, self-respect, and hypersensitivity, the Byronic hero is â€Å"larger than life,† and â€Å"with the loss of his titanic passions, his pride, and his certainty of self-identity, he loses also his status as [a traditional] hero† (Thorslev 187). He is usually isolated from society as a wanderer or is in exile of some kind. It does not matter whether this social separation is imposed upon him by some external force or is self-imposed. Byron's Manfred, a character who wandered desolate mountaintops, was physically isolated from society, whereas Childe Harold chose to â€Å"exile† himself and wander throughout Europe. Although Harold remained physically present in society and among people, he was not by any means â€Å"social. Often the Byronic hero is moody by nature or passionate about a particular issue. He also has emotional and intellectual capacities, which are superior to the average man. These heightened abilities force the Byronic hero to be arrogant, confident, abnormally sensitive, and extremely conscious of himself. Sometimes, this is to the point of nihilism resulting in his rebellion against life itself (Thorslev 197). In one form or another, he rejects the values and moral codes of society and because of this he is often unrepentant by society's standards. Often the Byronic hero is characterized by a guilty memory of some unnamed sexual crime. Due to these characteristics, the Byronic hero is often a figure of repulsion, as well as fascination. Harold Bloom notes that â€Å"[b]etween them, the Brontes can be said to have invented a relatively new genre, a kind of northern romance, deeply influenced both by Byron's poetry and by his myth and personality, but going back also . . . to the Gothic novel and to the Elizabethan drama† (1). When Byron died at the age of thirty-six in 1824, Bronte was but eight years old. Bronte's youthful age, however, did not preclude Byron and his works from having a profound effect on her and her writing; indeed, the â€Å"cult† of Lord Byron flourished shortly after his death â€Å"dominating [the Brontes'] girlhood and their young womanhood† (Bloom 2). Of the Bronte sisters' background, Tom Winnifrith comments that a â€Å"study of the Brontes' juvenilia provides confirmatory evidence of the sisters' preoccupation with the aristocracy, their emancipation from Victorian prudery, and the attraction of the Byronic hero, beautiful but damned† (4).

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HUMAN SOCIETY essays

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HUMAN SOCIETY essays WHAT IS THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN HUMAN SOCIETY? Be the government a dictorcratic, autocratic or democratic, all these have one thing in common and that is to rule the citizens under its power as established by the ruling citizens and or parties. Any government form will fight to preserve its sovereignty from both foreign and domestic enemies. Based on all wants and needs of the governing party and the people associated, laws are established to tax the people and develop both a working force and militia for the society and to establish penalties for any that would violate such laws and oppose the current government. Government is a leadership from of society structuring in which a person or a group of people act in behalf of those that placed the leadership on them, be it a birth-right, family position, an election, or a nomination. The simplest form of government is that of the basic family unit. Where there is a single-family head over all the other members. The family head judges and balances all the families wants and needs based on the resources of the family and its capabilities. In most instances the head is one of the family elders who has: sound knowledge and wisdom about most matters affecting the family. The head acts for the betterment of the family and all associated with it by either marriage or other agreements. A government is a protective body set up to protect the people from domestic and foreign threats. Insuring that all citizens share the cost. A government is like a scale, balancing the needs and the wants of' the people. The government is established through individuals being elected to represent the citizens in its community, state and nation. These individuals establish laws to be voted on by the citizens. These laws are set up to protect and provide for the people. Balancing the needs of everyone fairly. The government is also the banker who collects and dispenses the money it needs in orde ...

Cmo inversin inmobiliaria calificara para visa E-2

Cmo inversin inmobiliaria calificara para visa E-2 Una duda muy comà ºn entre personas extranjeras que desean obtener una visa de inversià ³n para vivir en Estados Unidos es si una inversià ³n inmobiliaria da derecho o no a optar por la visa E-2. La respuesta es clara. En principio, no. Excepto si se le da la forma que se necesita para cumplir con los requisitos legales y econà ³micos que imponen las leyes migratorias.  ¿Quà © requisitos se necesitan para que las inversià ³n inmobiliaria permita para calificar para la visa E-2? La ley dice que para calificar para la visa E-2 de inversià ³n se tiene que crear o comprar un negocio que tiene que ser real y activo.   Pero,  ¿cà ³mo entender esos requerimientos? La mejor forma es a travà ©s de ejemplos. Cundo la inversià ³n inmobiliaria NO califica para la visa E-2 Es comà ºn que una persona extranjera compre uno o varios inmuebles en Estados Unidos, desde su paà ­s o aprovechando una visita a Estados Unidos con una visa de turista. Por ejemplo, que invierta medio millà ³n de dà ³lares en un condominio en Miami porque le gusta viajar   de vacaciones a esa ciudad. Esta situacià ³n no califica para la visa de inversià ³n. En otro ejemplo, un extranjero compra varios apartamentos por un valor de un millà ³n de dà ³lares con la idea de que con el tiempo incrementar su valor y que podr venderlos por ms dinero que el abonado por su compra. En este caso, tampoco se califica. En ninguno de esos ejemplos se trata de un negocio real y activo. Entonces,  ¿quà © es eso? Ejemplos de inversiones inmobiliarias que sà ­ califican para la E-2 Para cumplir con los requisitos de las leyes migratorias debe: tratarse de un negocio real, no de una mera inversià ³nla persona que solicita la visa E-2 debe dirigir el negocio El negocio debe repercutir favorablemente en la economà ­a de los Estados Unidos Un ejemplo de ello serà ­a, por ejemplo, el caso en el que una persona extranjera compra por valor de $300 mil dà ³lares unos apartamentos y se dedica al negocio de rentarlos favoreciendo a la economà ­a al crear empleo americano contratando a personal de seguridad, limpieza, etc. Otro ejemplo serà ­a el caso en el que el inversor se dedica a comprar inmuebles en mal estado, a repararlos y a venderlos. Tendrà ­a que gestionar el negocio y el requisito de repercutir favorablemente en la economà ­a se cumplirà ­a contratando a empresas americanas para llevar a cabo las reparaciones. Por lo tanto, lo importante no es que se trate de una inversià ³n inmobiliaria o no ni siquiera es tan importante el monto, lo fundamental es que se trate de un negocio real y activo y que tenga un efecto favorable en la economà ­a estadounidense. Y todos esos requisitos se prueban con un aspecto fundamental del proceso de peticià ³n de la visa: el plan de negocios. Ese es un punto fundamental que el oficial consular va a analizar con lupa antes de decidir si aprueba la solicitud de visa. A tener en cuenta antes de solicitar una visa E-2 No todos los extranjeros pueden solicitar este tipo de visa. Es necesario ser ciudadano de un paà ­s que tiene firmado con Estados Unidos un contrato bilateral de visas de inversià ³n. No confundir con un Tratado de Libre Comercio, ya que nada tienen que ver. Si no se tiene ciudadanà ­a de un paà ­s incluido en el listado, olvidarse de la E-2 y examinar otras posibles opciones como la green card por inversià ³n o la L-1 de transfer en el caso de tener ya una empresa en el paà ­s de residencia habitual. Si se reà ºne el requisito de la nacionalidad, es el momento de prestar atencià ³n a otros puntos de la E-2. Por ejemplo, es necesario que se trate de una inversià ³n en un negocio, siendo posibles toda clase de opciones. Incluso la cantidad a invertir no est definida y va a depender del tipo de negocio. El inversor que solicita la visa debe darle al negocio la forma jurà ­dica que ms le convenga. Pero en el caso de que el negocio pertenezca a ms de una persona, tener presente siempre que para obtener la visa E-2 hay que ser propietario al menos del 51 por ciento del negocio. Por lo tanto no sirve en el caso de hermanos o socios que se dividen las acciones de la empresa  al 50 por ciento o menos. Antes de solicitar la visa hay que hacer pasos importantes, como constituir la empresa o, en su caso, comprarla, girar dinero a Estados Unidos a la cuenta corporativa, llevar a cabo contratos de arrendamiento, elaborar el plan de negocios, etc. Y sà ³lo luego despuà ©s se solicita al consulado o embajada la visa E-2. Como muchos elementos del negocio se deben poner en marcha antes de saber si se obtiene la visa es recomendable hacer un pago mediante el sistema de escrow cuando se compre un negocio, y que el pago al vendedor quede condicionado a que la visa se obtiene. Y si lo que se busca no es una visa sino una tarjeta de residencia, conocida tambià ©n como green card, tener en cuenta que el camino no es la E-2 sino una EB-5, cuyos requisitos son ms severos, pero es indudable que brinda ms ventajas para las personas interesadas en mudarse, con sus familias, a los Estados Unidos. Finalmente, para tramitar la visa E-2 es recomendable contar con un abogado especialista en este tipo de visas y que pueda demostrar un rà ©cord excelente en su tramitacià ³n. Son visas muy especializadas y no todos los abogados tienen el conocimiento ni la experiencia. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

The Veterans Health Affairs Handbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Veterans Health Affairs Handbook - Essay Example As a medical student, I am aware of the growing demand for better health care in our country. This calls for more physicians and nurses as well as coordination of the two groups in offering health care, which is now prone to health care workforce problems. As such, I disregard the draft VHA Nursing Handbook that seeks to eliminate physician-led, team-based care within the VHA system since this will also prevent local facilities from providing such services thus jeopardizing primary health care. Moreover, I differ with medical practitioners who advocate for the independent use of nurses instead of physicians to address the health care workforce shortages since this will put the lives of most patients at a greater risk. Indeed, I think the best way to address these problems is to hire more staff and enhance integration and teamwork among all healthcare providers with a view of offering affordable and effective health care. Nevertheless, the draft VHA Nursing Handbook negates this appro ach as it fosters fragmentation in this sector.  Therefore, I think we should revise the draft VHA Nursing Handbook to reflect a team-based approach that will allow all parties in health care delivery to work together, share decisions and information to enhance healthcare delivery. Indeed, by enhancing integration and teamwork between VHA and physicians and APRNs, this draft would address fundamental challenges in health delivery. Furthermore, the draft should seek to offer longer-term solutions in the healthcare workforce instead of the questionable short-term measures it offers now. With these recommendations, I bet a revision of the draft VHA Nursing Handbook would suit the current healthcare needs.  

Terms and Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Terms and Concepts - Essay Example For example, AT&T has plans to purchase T Mobile. The competition strategies eliminate cases of competition in the market. Management strategies have also been used in the competitive markets in order to make profits. Globalization has also led to multinational companies branching out. As a result, the level of competition has risen due to advancements in technology and the rush for businesses to make profits. It is the division of labor in companies as a strategy to increase chances of making profits. It includes the assembling of workers in the same field to ensure the growth of skills through repetition of the same expertise. The article about China’s expansion in the Middle East market has highlighted approaches that have been used in the competitive market (Williams 2014). China’s industrial and Commercial Bank has insisted on the division of labor in all its departments. The bank claims that specialization leads to proficiency in the offering of services to its customers. Division of labor has been embraced by many firms as a competition strategy to ensure endurance and maximization of profits. The Editorial Board. (2014, May 14). The New York Times. Keeping the Wireless Business Competitive. Retrieved May 20, 2014, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/opinion/keeping-the-wireless-business-competitive.html?action=click&module=Search®ion=searchResults&mabReward=relbias%3Ar&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%3Faction%3Dclick%26region%3DMasthead Williams, A. (2014, May 18). Chinas biggest bank gets approval for Kuwait branch. Reuters. Retrieved May 19, 2014, from

Decartes' Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Decartes' Argument - Essay Example We look at and feel the objects around us with our senses- thus our senses are the gateway to understand the phenomena of the world. However, our senses and perceptions are defined in different ways. Sometimes we do not feel the same way about certain things at different times. As we grow from our infancy to adulthood and beyond, our perceptions change with time, our experiences, and learning. Therefore, we cannot depend upon our senses to comprehend or understand the nature of objects or the world itself. Our senses give us a limited knowledge about other objects or ourselves. For instance, we can sense or feel physical or emotional pain through our senses; yet we cannot ascertain the duration of pain from our previous experiences. This is an everyday example that manifests the limitation of trusting our senses. Descartes argued that passion led by reason can be trusted to a greater extent. This is because with each new experience, we learn something new about the way we perceive the world with our senses. If our reasoning faculty is in charge of our senses, we can broaden the areas where we can trust our senses. The claim is that if, in any particular case, the teachings of nature were untrustworthy, then the veracious God would have given us the means to correct it... we can ... trust the teachings of nature and believe that our sensations proceed from bodies, in spite of the fact that our inclinations are not always trustworthy. But, when another faculty, reason, of course, gives us the means to correct the teachings of nature, then they must be rejected... In the end, Descartes uses sensation to establish the existence of bodies, he is very careful to claim that sensation, by itself, does not establish the nature of bodies. (Rorty, 106) This is where other philosophers object to Descartes argument. He believes that senses do not belong to the material world as they keep changing with the change in objects; or sometimes convey incorrect perception of

Making A Good Decision For Your Child Essay Example for Free

Making A Good Decision For Your Child Essay All parents want their child to become successful. Some parents will go to great lengths to â€Å"help† their child by signing them up for a club, sport, or other extracurricular activities that will be â€Å"good† for them and their future. Usually the child ends up hating it or it causes something bad to happen. Even though parents might think they’re making a good decision for their child, it could end up as the bad decision that could potentially ruin the parent/ child relationship, lead to trouble later in life, or ruining the child’s chance of doing something for themselves. A parent can potentially ruin their relationship with their child if the make a bad decision for their child. If their child disagrees with the decision of the parent, the child could begin to resent them. Like in the story, I Stand Here Ironing, the narrator is the mother of a girl named Emily. The narrator tries to provide a good life for Emily but even then their relationship suffers because she does not show her daughter love like she does with her other children, like when her little sister, Susan, was a baby, the narrator paid lots of attention to her and not to Emily, â€Å"She would call for me, and I would rouse from exhaustion to sleepily call back: ‘You’re all right, darling, go to sleep, it’s just a dream,’ and if she still called, in a sterner voice, ‘now to go sleep, Emily, there’s nothing to hurt you.’ Twice, only twice, when I had to get up for Susan anyhow, I went in to sit with her.† (Olsen). This harms their relationship because Emily knows her mother chooses Susan over her even when she was little. Later on, when Emily is in her high school years, she and her mom are not very close still. Based on this we can see that making a bad decision for your child can leave the parent/child relationship in ruins. Making a bad decision for can also affect the child in the future. It could influence them to a life of despair. In the story Teenage Wasteland, Donny gets into trouble a lot in his high school years but when used to be good  when he was younger so as he has been doing bad things, his parents have been getting stricter and stricter which is only the start. His mother decides to be less controlling and then, â€Å"He said they acted like wardens. On weekends, they enforced curfew. And anytime he went to a party, they always telephoned first to see if adults would be supervising. ‘For God’s sake!’ he said. ‘Don’t you trust me?’† (Tyler). This causes his parents to try not to control him as much to make him happy but he spirals from here into him getting expelled for alcohol possession and later running away. The decision to be less strict on Donny was a mistake because this allowed him to make a mistake that will affect him forever. Bad decision can also ruin the child’s future. A parent’s bad decision for their child can also ruin their hope to do something that will make them happy. The child could want to do something that interests them but based on the decision their parent makes then do not feel capable of doing what makes them happy. A Modern Indian Woman’s Struggle with Arranged Marriage is a great example of this because the author struggles with her parents trying to choose her husband for her like a traditional arranged marriage. Her father goes on different Indian nationality dating websites and picks a man based on a profile and sets them up. She finds it funny that her parents do this for her but she really is limited by this choice and has to only go out with men that are of her dad’s approval (Jain). This makes it hard for the thirty year old to find a husband. This ruins her hope of finding someone that she likes for them and marrying them. Bad choices by parents can hinder the child in the end instead of helping them. Parents should think about the child’s whenever they make decisions for them so they do not hurt them in these ways. Works Cited Tyler, Anne. â€Å"Teenage Wasteland.† 1983. Print. (Tyler) Olsen, Tillie. â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing.† Tell Me A Riddle. 1961. Print. (Olson) Jain, Anita. â€Å"Is Arranged Marriage Really Any Worse Than Craigslist?† New York Print.