The Global Supply Chain Business Essays - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1486 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Today globalization is no longer an option, but a matter of survival for companies. Global manufacturing and supply chain management are two of a companys most important tools when it comes to reducing costs and increasing revenues. Supply chain can be defined as a set of three or more entities (organizations or individuals) directly involved in the upstream and downstream flows of products, services, finances, and/or information from a source to a customer (1). To explain this easier we can say that the supply chain is a way to organize the making of a product from the raw material supplier to the finished product which can be sold to consumers. The supply chain consists of three key parts; supply, manufacturing and distribution. The supply part includes how, when and where the business is going to get their raw materials they can use in the manufacturing. Manufacturing focuses on how to convert the materials to finished products, and the distribution part wil l try to get these products out to the consumers in the best way possible, through an organized network of distributors, warehouses and retailers. It is important for the company to form out a strategy, so that they take the best advantage of their supply chain. To ensure this, they can use the supply chain management to find the most efficient and cost-effective way. A business has to take a lot of choices when forming out its supply chain strategy. The management wants to run the business in the most efficient way, so that they can earn the highest profit possible. They have a lot of options on how to organize the supply chain. It can produce its input in-house, it can outsource it in the home country, it can produce them in a foreign country (FDI), or it can import them from a foreign supplier. The biggest multinational enterprises spread their supply chain over many countries which benefits from low average wages and undervalued currency. It is very popular to look at Asia, M exico or Eastern Europe when you want to outsource your manufacturing because the labor is so cheap in these areas. This may be a much more profitable way to manufacture their products compared to doing all of the production by themselves. To solve the make or buy problem, the company has to consider a couple of factors regarding an outsourcing-strategy. First of all they have to see if outsourcing the parts really would reduce the manufacturing costs. Thats often the most obvious reason to choose an outsourcing strategy. To achieve a complete overview of all the costs associated with outsourcing to another country, they can make a total cost analysis. Labor costs may be such a small part of the total costs, that it will not necessarily be profitable for the business. They also have to take into account all costs related to for instance transportation and storing. They also need to find a manufacturer they can depend on when it comes to products and price. In the same category we can put the importance of quality. They have to be sure that the products and services are of high quality, and that the speed of the delivery is acceptable. It is important that the finished products reach the market in time. A famous saying is: do what you do best and outsource the rest, and many firms live by this rule. It means that you need to find your core competence, which means the areas that make the firm unique, and where they may have a competitive advantage. Burt, Dobler and Starling (world class supply management (1) present a rule of thumb for outsourcing. According to them a firm should outsource all items unless it is critical to the success of the product, it requires specialized design, skills or equipment and there are only a few reliable suppliers, or if it is within the core competence of the business. If the item fits at least one of these characteristics, it should be produced in-house. Another thought is that you should outsource if it gives you bette r value for money compared to producing it in-house. There are of course many pros and cons by both in-house manufacturing and outsourcing. We will start by mention the most important advantages of outsourcing compared to making the part in-house. The primary and most common motivation to why businesses outsource parts of their manufacturing is the opportunity to save money. It is a well known truth that people in developing countries are paid far less than people in the West. U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics estimate that the average wage in China is 67 cents an hour. This is a number significantly lower than the average of 23, 65$ earned by US factory workers. Because of these conditions China has become the most popular country for companies to source out their manufacturing, and Wall Street Journal have described it as the worlds factory floor.(1) Other cost saving benefits in addition to lower salaries is that for every employee you can cut off, you can save costs and ma intenance of for example a computer and you can cut expenditures and time related to training of new employees. You might also save money connected to research and development (RD), marketing and launching. Another great advantage by outsourcing is that the subcontractor most likely is an expert in the service they provide, and it is their core competence. This means that the business is receiving a higher quality service than they would get with an in-house employee. The service provider also has a reputation to take care of, and if they dont deliver the quality that is expected, the competition is very high so they might be replaced by another subcontractor. If you are a relatively small firm you may not have enough capital to obtain the best technology, than you can take advantage of the subcontractors technology since that is part of their core business. When you choose to outsource your manufacturing business you get the opportunity to really focus on your core competence , and can develop this to a new level.This will give you an even bigger competitive advantage. A pro regarding outsourcing can also be that it is risk reducing and flexible. Changes in the environment such as market and technology can happen really fast, and it can be difficult to keep up with these changes. When a company outsource, the risks are divided between several different companies. A specialized supplier invests not only for one firm, but on the behalf of all clients. By sharing these investments, the risk reduces for each business. It is also more flexible because it is much easier to cut a supplier, than to tell an employee that he is fired. In some cases the fact that you have a specialist in your company, which normally will increase the quality and lower the costs, may be a factor that attracts customers. There are also a couple of disadvantages connected to outsourcing. There is of course always a risk that you dont earn the profit you expected by the out source investment. When you manufacture a component in-house you know what you get, but outsourcing is a way more insecure strategy Another disadvantage is that you will lose managerial control. When you subcontract your manufacturing you give the management and control to this company. The company you outsource to will have no connection to your business beyond the contract, and will not be driven by the same standards and guidelines as your company. You dont have the same quality control when outsourcing opposed to manufacturing in-house. Outsourcing may threat and upset your employees, and make them feel less important. This can affect the quality of their work. It is important to always keep your employees motivated. Employees are often far more loyal to their company, but the supplier will not feel the same connection. They often have a lot of customers and are motivated by profit. You may risk that they only want the job done, and that the quality of the job isnt as good as it should be. When you manufacture in-house you can find out when the products isnt of acceptable quality, and you still got the time to do something. When your outsourcing to a foreign supplier your extremely vulnerable that your products reaches the market in time. The products may be transported to the market just before the deadline, and if the quality isnt good enough its too late to send them back. This can make you lose your customers. Another option that has become an increasing trend the last decades are foreign direct investments (FDI). FDI can be defined as any form of investments in enterprises which function outside of the domestic territory of the investor (1. There are several opportunities to how you can get into a foreign market by a FDI including franchising, joint ventures  Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Global Supply Chain Business Essays" essay for you Create order

Steps Of Decision Making Process - 1873 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. FIVE STEPS OF DECISION-MAKING PROCESS Schiffman et al. (2011, pp. 460 - 481) maintain five steps of decision-making process which are: 1. Need recognition 2. Information search 3. Evaluation of alternative 4. Purchase decision 5. Post-purchase evaluation These five steps would be applied to describe the interviewee s decision-making process: 1. Need recognition The interviewee recognized his need when his old printer started to malfunction a lot . It is time consuming to constantly fix it and replace things. He recognized it is time to get something new. He stated the printer mostly just for printing and scanning but what he wanted is a multi-functional printer. 2. Information search The interviewee did not have a specific band choice set before arriving at the office store. He comes to an office works store to see what brands they have and saw a huge package of HP printer placed right in the front of the entrance with a special deal of 30% off the retail price. When he had seen that, he wanted to have the deal. He then examined the price of the printer from other stores and do more research on the internet when he got home. The interviewee prefer searching for the type (functionality) of the printer first and then for the price when he use search engines. His references are consumer reviews on online blog sites and Amazon site, commercial Web sites as well as printer tests on PC magazine sites. The interviewee marked the relativeShow MoreRelatedThe Six Step Decision Making Process1157 Words   |  5 PagesBefore a company can make any decision on introducing a new product to the market it must undergo the six-step decision process. Many issues and profit loss can be avoided if the company undergoes the process and focus on their goal. 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A History of Portraiture Essay Example For Students

A History of Portraiture Essay The best record of non-photographic portraits would of course be statues in the pre-Roman era. Some of the earliest portraits date back to B. C. The most popular of these type of portraits were those done in Egypt. It was common to do a funeral portrait or a â€Å"mummy portrait. While in this time it was difficult to capture a person’s essence and personality in stone these types of portraits were used often to remember the deceased. Many other portraits were done during the medieval period in Europe. However, the church ruled in Europe during this time period. It was looked down upon to have a portrait done unless you were a noble figure or trying to reenact a consecrated figure of the church. Why you ask? Well it would give the subject of the portrait a likeness to God. Portraiture became extremely dominate in the Renaissance Era. During this period the use of perspective and light helped to create a more photorealistic portrait. Shadow was used to create depth and form in paintings. This got rid of the common â€Å"flat look† which pictures seemed to possess before this era. Artists such as Leonardo De Vinci and Rembrandt affected the way which portraits were created. We will write a custom essay on A History of Portraiture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Leonardo added color and layered his oil paints when doing portraits to give them a softer glow. Rembrandt added four different aspects, in his paintings, and to the way modern photographic portraiture is used today. The first is known as â€Å"Rembrandt lighting. With this type of lighting there is a small highlight on the shadow side of the face. By positioning the shadow differently it adds much more texture to the image than if the person’s face were entirely in the light. The second aspect would be choosing to face the subject slightly away from the light source, this is also known as â€Å"broad lighting. The third would be the ability to take into account the surroundings of the subject or the background. By giving the background lighting affects this added depth to his portraits. Lastly Rembrandt used a white cloth and draped it above the top of the window. This made sure that the light from the window would refract back downwards and surround his subject. The use of technology also became a part of portrait painting during the late Renaissance. Optic projections had become common knowledge by then. However, there is evidence to suggest that camera obscura and the use of mirrors was also common when painting portraits. The use of these techniques and tools while essential to painting, also became essential in photography as well. In the year 1839, portraiture changed from using subjects in paintings to capturing those subjects in photography. In that year both William Talbot and Louis Daguerre introduce the Daguerreotype and the Calotype. After both of these techniques had been introduced painter Paul Roche declared the art of painting to be dead. While incorrect, both the Calotype Daguerreotype did alter the art scene, especially when it came to portraiture. Photography lessened the time it took to make a portrait. While painting a portrait took hours of sitting completely still, with photography it took much less time to take and develop the portrait. As more time passed the faster and easier portraiture, in photography, could be done. Soon new materials reduced exposer time from fourty-five minutes to a few seconds, leaving more time to spend editing photographs. When the wet collodion process was introduced it became more assessable and affordable for the individual to do his or her own portraits. It was no longer a rich mans art. One of the most famous portraitists, who came about during this time, was Julia Margaret Cameron. She set the standard to not only capture your subject but to also capture the emotions the subject evokes. As the wet collodion process became more and more popular the number of people involved in portraiture also increased. Four more processes were added to development of pictures: the ambrotype, tintype, carte-de-viste and cabinet cards. The last two were types of card photographs. The less costly tintype became more popular than the ambrotype. It was easy to access and much less expensive. The tintypes started becoming increasingly in demand during Civil War and continued to be used up until the twentieth-century. Tintype studios became such a request that the photographs were sold at no more than a penny a piece. While this type of process is not in use today the poses which are used in tintypes are commonly used in â€Å"yearbook photographs† or â€Å"senior pictures. Also, during this time many painters started to use photography to work off of instead of requiring the subject to sit for hours on end in front of them. One of the painters, by the name of Franz Lenbach, had several photographers venture around Europe to take numerous images, which he could then convert to portraits. With the furthering of technology photographers could think more outside of the box when it came to positions in which to put their subject in. This allowed photographers to leave the studio as well. One of the most famous photographers, Edward S. Curtis, traveled throughout the United States taking many documentary pictures, as well as portraits. Another photographer, Irving Penn, actually took a small tent with him, creating the â€Å"world’s smallest dark room. As the popularity of photography increased, so did the formation of clubs and societies. Among these is the Royal Photographic society and The Professional Photographers of America. .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .postImageUrl , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:hover , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:visited , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:active { border:0!important; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:active , .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud0ebd197552b55ab165976187041d8dd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Quick History Of Art Essay Research PaperSeveral schools came about to train photographers in a strong portrait course. While they were all named schools, education was not the primary purpose for them. Many photographers gathered at the schools to share their different techniques or ideas. As photography changed through its technology and use so did portraiture. One of trends which came about in the late 19th century was pictorialism. A few of the photographers who’s work was greatly affected by this movement were Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen and Clarence White. With this type of photography the photograph had a more romantic and soft look to it. With the publication of Camera Work, photography was given equal status to other forms of art, such as painting. Then came along the three photographers which impacted portraiture in an incredible way. The first portraitist was Cecil Beaton. He was a British portrait photographer and theatrical designer. His earliest portraits were of his sisters Nancy and Baba. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, but never finished out school. His career took an entirely different turn when he visited New York City. He received contracts with Vogue, Vanity Fair and Harper’s Bazaar. His work primarily focused on cultural icons in his day. His wanderlust compelled him to travel. Hollywood stars captured by his camera included Gary Cooper, Marlene Dietrich, Greta Garbo, and Katherine Hepburn, while painters ranged from Salvador Dalà ­ to Francis Bacon. His portraits spanned parts of six decades. In the 1930s he was commissioned to take a series of pictures of Queen Elizabeth. This job eventually led him to become the official Royal Family Portraitist. During World War II he was taken out of his glamorous environment and became a war photographer. His abilities, while were extremely obvious in photography, extended beyond that. He was also a writer and illustrator. His obvious association with celebrities of all kind gave him an influence on the way portraits were taken. While he used mostly standard poses he got his subjects to really convey certain sides of their personality which much of the world had not seen before. The second influential portraitist was Yousuf Karsh. Karsh was born in Turkey; he left turkey for Canada during World War II. He moved in with his uncle and soon was taught the basics of photography. His uncle then sent him to Boston under an apprenticeship. After three years of being under the wing of popular portrait photographer John H. Garo he moved back to Canada. In the nations capital of Ottawa, he opened a modest portrait studio. He hoped that its locations would be prime for photographing its important figures and international visitors. Karsh was quoted as saying in the Independent. So meager was Karshs budget for the launch of his own studio that most of the furniture consisted of orange crates. In his spare time, Karsh became involved with a local theater group, where he learned more about lighting and the use of artificial light in photography. It was at the theater group that the photographer first met actress Solange Gauthier. He later married her. One of the more unique things which Karsh did was to study his subjects before he took photographs of them. In an account of his preparations for a photo shoot, Karsh wrote, as quoted in the Independent, Before I begin, I will have studied my subject to the best of my ability, and within broad limits know what I am hoping to find, and what I hope to be able to interpret successfully. The qualities that have attracted me to the subject are those that will satisfy me if I can portray them in the photograph, and that will most probably satisfy views of the picture as we ll. I am fascinated by the challenge of portraying greatness with my camera (Yousuf). Karsh first captured international attention with his December 1941 portrait of British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. During a brief visit to Ottawa, Churchill reluctantly agreed to sit for Karsh. He warned the photographer that he would give him two minutes and not a second more to take his picture. With that, Churchill lit up one of his trademark cigars. Seconds later, Karsh snatched the cigar from Churchills lips and then snapped the picture. The resulting photo was sold to Life magazine for only $100. This photograph eventually became the most widely reproduced portrait in the history of photography. The portrait of Churchill gave Karsh recognition all over the world. Not long after this the Canadian government sent Karsh to England to photograph several British military leaders. The widely circulated Churchill portrait brought a major change in Karshs life. No longer did he have to seek out subjects. They came looking for him. To be Karshed was a true sign that a celebrity had arrived. Karsh photographed every American president from Herbert Hoover to Bill Clinton. Although no one other than Karsh knows for sure, it has been estimated that he photographed 17,000 people over six decades. .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .postImageUrl , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:hover , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:visited , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:active { border:0!important; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:active , .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417 .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7be246669d49e224ec1fbac581793417:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World History Renaissance 9th GradeAnother part of Karsh, which made him such a great photographer, was that he was deeply respected by his subjects. His brother said â€Å"People knew they had a master with them and they appreciated that opportunity. † Karsh sought to bring out people’s true personality and world views in his photography. One of the most famous quotes is â€Å"I believe that it is the artists job to accomplish at least two things-to stir the emotions of the viewer and to lay bare the soul of his subject. When my own emotions have been stirred, I hope I can succeed in stirring those of others. But it is the mind and soul of the personality before my camera that interests me most, and the greater the mind and soul, the greater my interest (Yousuf). The last photographer which effected portraiture on a grand scale was Arnold Newman. Arnold Newman was an American photographer. He tended to specialized in portraits of well-known people posed in settings associated with their work. This approach is known as â€Å"environmental portraiture†. He started out studying art at the University of Miami in Florida. After that he took a job as an assistant in a photography studio. In 1941 he was blessed with his first exhibition in New York City. He continued to visit New York until he finally moved there and opened his own studio in 1946. Although his early portraits concentrated on well-known artists, he gradually broadened his subject matter to include famous people of all types, such as: writers, composers, political leaders and scientists. He always posed them in a way which best reflected their personality and occupation. The 76 photographic portraits of eminent Britons that Newman made for the National Portrait Gallery in London were published in the book The Great British. As you can tell these three while coming from different backgrounds and parts of the world all have one thing in common. They try to reflect part of the subject’s emotions or experiences in the photograph. While some people in portraiture do not use these techniques without them it isn’t much of a portrait. Yes there are portraits of people which are used in the year book but they aren’t as exciting as these ones. In order to create dynamic photos a photographer must decide what particular emotion or feel the photographer wants the viewer to recognize. For this it is essential to understand the subject in order to make a good portrait. People want to be understood, and to relate to the photographer making their portrait. Much of portrait photography focuses primarily on the face or eyes of a subject. It is said that eyes are windows to a person’s soul, which makes sense for why it is so popular in portrait photography. Light Dynamics are what make portraits possible and interesting. This has always been true with painting, and it is true now with digital portraiture. Photographers as well as painters use light to make portraits come alive. Light gives figures form and volume through the addition of highlights and shadows. While light dynamics brighten portraits, we rarely see the light source itself. When light is visible in a portrait we generally see light that is scattered, or out of focus. While some people believe that portrait photography is not an essential part of photography, they could do without it, that it is simply â€Å"documentation. † While yes, in the beginning of portraiture painting and portrait photography it was strictly for the rich and noble figures of the time. Today Portrait photography has become vital. It is safe to say that photography would not be what it is today without portraiture. From a very early age we are subjects of photography, especially in portraiture. It captures humans through their greatest achievements, such as graduating their college of choice, or the little ones, such as the first day going to the beach. Either way portraits capture something about human beings. It encompasses not only the physical and outer image but also the inner image of ourselves. Bibliography: Admin. Understanding Portrait Photography. A Photography Blog. 121 Clicks, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2012.  . Benigno, John. Masters of Photography. Cecil Beaton. N.p., 09 Jan. 2011. Web. 18 Oct. 2012.  . Newman, Arnold, and Philip Brookman. Arnold Newman. Kà ¶ln: Taschen, 2000. Print. Rand, Glenn, and Tim Myer. A Very Brief History of Photography. N.p.: Rocky Nook, n.d. Book. 28 Dec. 2009.  . Tippett, Maria, Dr. Portrait in Light and Shadow: The Life of Yousuf Karsh. N.p.: Yale UP, n.d. Print. Yousuf Karsh Biography. Yousuf Karsh Biography. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2010. Web. 17 Oct. 2012.  . 10 Famous Portrait Photographers You Have To Discover! Famous Portrait Photographers You Have To Discover! Photography Art Cafe, 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2012.

The Role of the High Court in Australias system of government

Introduction The Australian High Court is the highest independent judicial arm of the government, which is also a significant feature of Australia’s liberal-democratic governance (Patapan, 2010, p. 167; Banks, 2007, p. 16).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the High Court in Australia’s system of government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main functions of this court include interpreting and applying the Australian constitution, solving cases regarding the federal system of governance such as instances where the constitutional validity of the laws is challenged, and officiating appeal cases (Singleton et al., 2009, p.64). However, in the recent past, there have been arguments over the court’s role in the shifting balance of power, which tends to favor the Commonwealth. As a result, there is the need to look into the factors underlying this shift in the balance of power and the relevant constitutional interpretations since the initial constitution provided for the preservation of the balance of power between the commonwealth and the states (Singleton et al., 2009, p.64). To this end, the essay will look at the role of the high court in interpreting the wording of the Australian constitution by considering the Engineers case (Amalgamated Society of Engineers Vs Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd) of 1920. In addition, this essay aims at illustrating the High Court’s role as a political institution of governance through considering the court’s input in supporting the legislation regarding income tax, which was enacted by the Commonwealth in 1942. Overall, the two cases will serve as examples of the roles played by the high court in interpreting the Australian constitution, and acting as a political institution in the Australian system of governance.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The role of the High Court in interpreting the laws Considering that all the constitutional rights of appeal bestowed upon the Privy Council have been abolished in the recent past, it is certain that the Australian constitution allows the High Court to interpret the laws (Singleton et al., 2009, p.65). This implies that all the constitutional cases including appeals originating from different jurisdictions, which bear a greater political significance to the federal government, are referred to the High Court. Here, it is worth noting that most constitutional cases are based on disagreements involving the balance of power between the federal and the state governments particularly in matters dealing with trade, banking, and arbitrations (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 65; Wiltshire, 2008, p. 31). Thus, the decisions made by the High Court regarding these cases can have far-reaching implications since they form the framework for decisions made by other courts se veral years later. Accordingly, since its inception, the High court’s rulings have been centered on controlling the federal powers, giving wider interpretations of the federal powers, sustaining the role played by the Commonwealth in governance without bias, and as can be noted from the recent developments, the High Court is engaged in providing additional interpretations of the powers held by the federal government (Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 105). However, of particular interest in this respect is the court’s role in the Engineers case whereby it was decided that the federal adjudication powers as provided in section 51(xxxv) of the constitution could also apply in other parts of the country including Western Australia (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 66; Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 115). Additionally, regarding the Engineers case, the High Court is said to have given the Commonwealth the full control over worker’s wages at the national level.Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on The Role of the High Court in Australia’s system of government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In so doing, the court can be regarded to as playing the role of reshaping the constitutional interpretations put forward in 1901, and thus, providing a framework upon which the disagreements arising between the Commonwealth and the States can be solved. Here, the court played the role of a constitutional adjudicator considering that despite enlarging the legislative powers of the Commonwealth on one hand, it also confined these powers on the other hand. Further, it is to be noted that the majority of the court was of the idea that the interpretation of the constitution should be based on its original wording, and not on implied prohibitions or implied immunity, which were two major doctrines used by the courts in the early 1900s (Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 119). Therefore, by giving the constitution its norma l word meaning, the High Court extended the powers of the Commonwealth to cover some aspects, which were initially prohibited by interpreting the laws on the basis of the drafters’ wishful meanings of the constitutional wording. However, it should be noted that this broader interpretation of the laws was not meant to give the federal government an upper hand, but it served to check almost all aspects of governance, and to maintain the balance of power between the federal and state governments (Wiltshire, 2008, p. 35). The role of the High Court as a political institution If we had to examine what the drafters of the Australian constitution had in mind, it is certain that they wanted to develop the US-system of the judiciary, which performs various functions such as the federal judicial review (Banks, 2007, p. 18). Here, the role played by the High Court entails examining the laws made in both the Commonwealth and the State legislatures in order to ensure that they fall within the provisions of the constitution.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accordingly, considering that disputes could arise between the federal and state governments such as the one discussed above, there is the paramount need to have a mediator who should be impartial and unconcerned with issues raised by either party in order for justice to be served. This role could not fit any institution apart from the Australian High Court. As a result, the High Court can be regarded to as an arbiter of federalism or an advocate of the Australian constitution (Patapan, 2010, p.168). It then follows that the decisions made by the High Court will have extensive political implications. For instance, during the war-time in 1942, the federal government came up with a legislation meant to control the overall income tax, a move which was challenged in court by the state governments (Singleton et al., 2009, p. 169). In this constitutional conflict, the High Court ruled in favor of the federal government, and thus gave the Commonwealth the authority to implement uniform tax ation at the national level. This implied that the state governments could not impose their own taxes outside those implemented by the Commonwealth. Besides, it is to be noted that the court also gave a broader meaning of section 90, which entails the Excise, and thus limiting the taxation power of the Commonwealth in some aspects. These decisions of the court point to the fact that it plays a political role in that the High Court has the power to look into the actions of both the legislature and the executive in order to determine whether those actions fall within the exact meaning of the constitution. Furthermore, the case shows instances where the High Court can annul some actions of the executive, which may not be based on proper interpretation of the constitution. Moreover, this case is one of many instances where the High Court came in to help solve constitutional conflicts arising from wrong interpretation of the constitution or obscure laws (Ward Stewart, 2010, p. 105). Her e, it is also important to note that the High Court was acting purely within its constitutional mandate, which dictates that such conflicts be treated as legal questions irrespective of the impending political consequences. Overall, the court’s decisions show that the High Court judges understand their role in the political sphere and judicial review (Patapan, 2010, p. 169). References List Banks, R 2007, Hot topics: legal issues in plain language, Legal Information Access Centre, Australia. Patapan, H 2010, High court, (Insert the publisher and the Town for the book you scanned for me). Singleton et al. 2009, High court, (Insert the publisher and the Town for the book that you scanned for me). Ward, T Stewart, R 2010, Politics one (4th ed), Palgrave MacMillan, Australia. Wiltshire, K 2008, ‘Australian federalism: the business perspective’, The University of  New South Wales Law Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 31-45. This essay on The Role of the High Court in Australia’s system of government was written and submitted by user Renee Becker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.