Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Minister without a Pulpit :: Harriet Beecher Stowe Minister Pulpit Essays

Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes minister without a PulpitHarriet Beecher Stowe practice sessions characterization and a tragic situation to portray the line of model of the burgher and the proletariat classes and the social movements within the class structure. The first character appearing in the story is a scant(p) girl whose engender has only died. The descriptions of her ar vague, and the name of this child is not revealed until late in the story. Throughout the story, the gnomish girl is referred to as ere, beautiful little girl of seven years, little girl, little one, and child. Only when she is asked for her name do the readers learn that it is brier patch Percival. Even after her name has been revealed, none of the characters use her name. This absence of a name indirectly reflects brierpatchs position in society after her mothers death. Stowe uses vague words like child to show the subordination of Eglantine as a result of deteriorate insensi bilitys demands. Before Eglantine is taken in, she held a advanced status with her mother and associate Harry. Her mother dies, and her brother is taken away from her along with money enough to pay for her mothers funeral. The liberation of these material possessions must coincide with a loss of high status according to Karl Marx. Dropping from bourgeois, Eglantine falls into the proletariat status. She does not submit entirely to the social structure at first. In fact, she resents the work Miss Asphyxia demands of her saying that she wants to play. Eglantine still dreams of her previous leisurely lifestyle where she had no responsibilities, where flowers were beautiful, and where her mother always brushed them her curls out everyday. She refuses Miss Asphyxias authority on a few occasions, but her efforts end with her own tears and eventual obedience. As her possessions escape her, Eglantine becomes much and more obedient to Miss Asphyxia and more proletariat status-like . Contrasting Eglantine is her benefactor Miss Asphyxia. She is a workings woman, older and stronger. Miss Asphyxia is a working machine, always wound up and going. She understood that nature had made herentirely for use. She described herself having nothing but bone and muscle, purely with practical and cost-effective uses. The use of Miss Asphyxias name is quite interesting. The short story is unexpectedly named after her although it seems that Eglantine is the main character of the story.Characterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Minister without a Pulpit Harriet Beecher Stowe Minister Pulpit EssaysCharacterization in Harriet Beecher Stowes Minister without a PulpitHarriet Beecher Stowe uses characterization and a tragic situation to portray the contrast of the bourgeois and the proletariat classes and the social movements within the class structure. The first character appearing in the story is a little girl whose mother has just died. The descriptions of her are vague, and the name of this child is not revealed until late in the story. Throughout the story, the little girl is referred to as ere, beautiful little girl of seven years, little girl, little one, and child. Only when she is asked for her name do the readers learn that it is Eglantine Percival. Even after her name has been revealed, none of the characters use her name. This absence of a name indirectly reflects Eglantines position in society after her mothers death. Stowe uses vague words like child to show the subordination of Eglantine as a result of Miss Asphyxias demands. Before Eglantine is taken in, she held a high status with her mother and brother Harry. Her mother dies, and her brother is taken away from her along with money enough to pay for her mothers funeral. The loss of these material possessions must coincide with a loss of high status according to Karl Marx. Dropping from bourgeois, Eglantine falls into the proletariat status. She does not submit entirel y to the social structure at first. In fact, she resents the work Miss Asphyxia demands of her saying that she wants to play. Eglantine still dreams of her previous leisurely lifestyle where she had no responsibilities, where flowers were beautiful, and where her mother always brushed them her curls out everyday. She refuses Miss Asphyxias authority on a few occasions, but her efforts end with her own tears and eventual obedience. As her possessions escape her, Eglantine becomes more and more submissive to Miss Asphyxia and more proletariat status-like. Contrasting Eglantine is her benefactor Miss Asphyxia. She is a working woman, older and stronger. Miss Asphyxia is a working machine, always wound up and going. She understood that nature had made herentirely for use. She described herself having nothing but bone and muscle, purely with practical and efficient uses. The use of Miss Asphyxias name is quite interesting. The short story is unexpectedly named after her although i t seems that Eglantine is the main character of the story.

The Requirements for Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Management

The Requirements for Developing and Managing a Comprehensive solicitude Information brassThe aim of this assignment is to see the requirements for developing and managing a comprehensive Management Information dust for an organisation.In todays business environment it is getting harder and harder for organisations to not only survive but to contend against other organisations. Information technology plays a big part in helping companies compete and survive. Companies that learn branches or franchises need to make for sure that they can communicate with the head office so that orders can be passed down. Most of a mangers time is spent 1 Passing information and ideas upward to senior management to aid their decision making2Providing other department double-deckers with information which will help them do their jobs more effectively3Passing information down wards to subordinates4Conveying attitudes or creating them5Receiving and interpreting facts and data6Communicating with peo ple out sides the company e.g. suppliers.The manager needs resources to aid him with the task mentioned above. Management information systems and decision support systems are two such resources.Computers and information systems play critical roles in the routine of most organisations. All organisations, from factories to banks, are highly dependent on information for their day-to-day operations. The vast quantity of information that large corporations and government agencies need to operate, and the run with which that information is created and used, makes computer-based information systems critical to such operations. What is a Management Information System?There are different definitions of a management information systemManagement Information system products produce information products that support many of the day-to-day decisions making needs of management. Reports, displays, and responses produced by such systems provide information that managers have specified in advance a s adequately meeting their information needs. Taken from Management Information Systems Third edition by James A. OBrien PG 370Management information system can be defined as a network of computer based processing procedures that are integrated with manual and other procedures to provide timely, effective information to support managerial planning ... ...and System Usage, INFOR, Vol. 28 No. 2, May 1990, pp. 89-101 Burrell, G. and G. Morgan, Sociological Paradigms and Organizational synopsis, Heinemann Press, London, Chismar, William G. and Charles H. Kriebel, A Method for Assessing the Economic Gallagher, Charles A., Perceptions of the Value of a Management Information System, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 17 No. 1, 1974Hirschheim, Rudy and Heinz K. Klein, Four Paradigms of Information System Development, King, William R. and Jaime I. Rodriguez, Evaluating Management Information Systems, MIS Quarterly, folk Lee, Allen S., A Scientific Methodology for MIS Case Studies, MIS Quarterly, March Lucas, Henry C., Performance and the Use of an Information System, Management Science, Vol. 21 No. 4, April 1975, pp. 908-918 Melone, Nancy Paule, A Theoretical Assessment of the User Satisfaction Construct in Information Systems Research, Srinavasan, A., Alternative Measures of System Effectiveness Associations and Implications, MIS Quarterly, SeptemberWeill, Peter, and Margrethe H. Olson, Managing Investment in Information Technology Mini Case Examples and Implications, MIS Quarterly, March

Different Worlds of Black Girl Lost and Baby of the Family :: Black Girl Lost Essays

Different Worlds of Black Girl confused and Baby of the Family Although, Afri sack Americans are considered minorities in the United States, not all(prenominal) of them live in poverty. legion(predicate) African Americans live in a middle class society along with the dominant culture. However, many African Americans do not live in a middle class society, but rather live in poverty and have to suffer along with this poverty. For instance, Donald Goiness Black Girl Lost and Tina McElroy Ansas Baby of the Family, two narrative novels, that illustrate the difference in two young African American girls lives and the society in which they inhabit. Not just do these young African American girls represent the two sides of poverty, they also represent how nestlingren can also qualify in the minority category. For example, Sandra lives in a run down apartment with a drunk mother who could care less about her daughter. In addition, Sandra remains all on her own and has to pass ways in w hich to survive each day. But on the other hand, Lena lives in a nice size home with her two parents, her two brothers, and her grandmother, all who love her very much. Moreover, Lena has many family members who look after her and take extra special care for her because she is the baby of the family. Although, twain Sandra and Lena lead very different lives, both are faced with challenges as a minority and as a child which questions their view on life. The home in which a child lives in is suppose to be a place of warmth, love, and protection. A home also offers other important aspects into a childs life, for instance, self-confidence, pride, and security. If a child does not reside in a home that offers warmth, love, and protection, that child will not feel good about herself or the home in which she lives in. A child wants a home that he or she can be proud of enough to bring home a friend or two. In addition, if a child does not feel safe and secure in his or her home, then she will not posses these qualities in the outside world. Moreover, their lack of security can cause major disruptions and distractions within their everyday routine, like with Sandra. For example, the homes that Lena and Sandra live in illustrate the exact opposite of each other.

Achilles :: Free Essay Writer

From the initial callousness and stubborn temper of Achilles in the first books of the Iliad to the eventual humanization of Achilles in his interaction with the grieving father of Hector, whom Achilles himself slew, the Iliad can be seen to chronicle the maturation of the Greek hero during the terrible battles of the Trojan War. Achilles is a hero in the epic sense, complete with flaws and bad qualities that round out the character, hardly with passions and convictions that any reader can relate to. Throughout the course of the Iliad, Homer creates the character of Achilles to be that kind of hero in every sense of the word. As the novel begins, we first meet with Achilles in his interaction with the great king, Agamemnon. It may be said that Achilles shows himself to be a horribly hard-headed individual, and this is obviously true. But, in this adjoin with the powerful king, Achilles also shows around of his more respectable qualities such as courage, honor, and a sense of just ice. Achilles does not feel that it is right that he or the reliever of the soldiers should be punished for the brashness of their commander. So, as the epic starts to unwind, Achilles is described as a strong-willed, though a bit hot tempered, man. It is in the following books that Achilles shows some of his not to desirable qualities, yet in these qualities the character of Achilles is ultimately developed. Homer describes the plot of Achilles to avenge his disgrace at the hand of Agamemnon. He has his mother, the goddess Thetis, ask genus Zeus to punish the Achaeans on behalf of her and Achilles. Zeus reluctantly agrees to this, and Achilles success in having the whole of his people subjected to a brutal and costly war to get his revenge on Agamemnon. As the Trojan War presses foreword, taking countless lives of both Trojan and Achaean alike, Achilles stands by and watches, unwilling to participate in the battle even when an apology from Agamemnon and plead from his comrades is presented to him. He replies in this fashion, "Love him so well, and you may lose the love I bear you. You ought to help me rather in troubling those that trouble me be king as much as I am, and share like honor with myself the others shall take my answer stay here yourself and sleep comfortably in your bed at daybreak we will consider whether to remain or go.

INFLUENZA Essay -- essays research papers fc

influenza, also known as the flu, is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is not as severe as many viral infections its almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory tract. Typically, when well-nighone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually blow to 103F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually thoroughgoing tiredness. There are sometimes other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually only in rare cases with young children. unrivalled other note The term Stomach flu isnt really caused by the influenza virus.The average reco genuinely time from the flu is about 1-2 weeks, although some patients do develop much severe complications such as pneumonia, which are capable of being life threatening. On average, influenza is associated with more than 20,000 deaths nationwide and more than 100,000 hospitalizations. T hese are usually from patients who develop complications and they are usually children or the elderly, although complications can develop at any age.There are three types of influenza viruses, Groups A, B, and C. except Groups A and B are responsible for causing the epidemics of flu that total almost every year. Influenza C is different in several ship canal because it causes mild to no symptoms and doesnt cause the yearly epidemics. Scientists put out most of their effort to control influenza A and B because of their huge refer on the nation and the world. Influenza type A viruses have two proteins that determine their specific type. Take Influenza A(H1N1) the H stands for hemagglutinin and the N stands for neuraminidase. The current types of Influenza A are A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and Influenza B strains are included in each years vaccinums.Influenza A viruses are very hard to control because they undergo transposes, making it harder for humans immune systems to detect them. There are two types of changes. The first is a series of mutations that occur over time and cause a gradual change in the virus. This is called antigenic drift. This process allows the virus to make a more stable change yet still evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift. It isnt as s... ...uenza vaccines, since the vaccine is prepared from influenza grown in eggs. The most common side effect is mild soreness at the injection site. Serious side cause such as such as life-threatening allergic reactions or Guilain-Barre syndrome are rare (fewer than 1to 2 cases per million vaccine recipients).Although the virus will reside to change and we will continue to try to defeat it, we never will. Just in the past three years two new strains have been detect but were isolated and wiped out quickly. Maybe next time we wont be so lucky but maybe we will. After all, its only the flu and humans didnt get this far by worrying about it.Works Cited (I did it in MLA Format so be happy)PReferencesInfluenza A(H5N1). Who.gov. Online. January, 1998.Isolation of Avian Influenza A(H5N10 Viruses from Humans. CDC.Gov. Online. Hong Kong, May-December, 1997.Larson, Erik. The Flu Hunters. TIME. February 23, 1998. Britannica.com. Simao, Paul. Flu Season. Rueters. Thursday March 22, 2001. Britannica.com.Stannard, Linda M. Influenza Virus. 1995. Uct.ac.za.By Grant WadeApril 22, 2001Fayetteville, ArkansasEmail me at Buzbom99aol.com if you use this paper please.

INFLUENZA Essay -- essays research papers fc

grippe, also known as the flu, is a virus that infects the respiratory tract. Although Influenza is not as severe as many viral infections its almost the worst for viral infections of the respiratory tract. Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100 to 103F in adults, exclusively even higher in children) and ca exercises a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredness. on that point are sometimes former(a) symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea but usually barely in rare cases with young children. One other note The term Stomach flu isnt really caused by the influenza virus.The average rec overy time from the flu is about 1-2 weeks, although some patients do develop more severe complications such as pneumonia, which are capable of being life threatening. On average, influenza is associated with more than 20,000 deaths nationwide and more than 100,000 hospitalizations. These are usually from patients who develop complications and they are usually children or the elderly, although complications can develop at any age.There are three types of influenza viruses, Groups A, B, and C. Only Groups A and B are responsible for causing the epidemics of flu that occur almost every year. Influenza C is different in several ways because it causes buggy to no symptoms and doesnt cause the yearly epidemics. Scientists put out most of their effort to control influenza A and B because of their huge impact on the nation and the world. Influenza type A viruses have two proteins that determine their specific type. Take Influenza A(H1N1) the H stands for hemagglutinin and the N stands for neuraminidase. The current types of Influenza A are A(H1N1) and A(H3N2). Influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and Influenza B strains are included in each years vaccines.Influenza A viruses are very stiff to control because they undergo metamorphoses, making it harder for humans immune sy stems to detect them. There are two types of changes. The first is a series of mutations that occur over time and cause a gradual change in the virus. This is called antigenic drift. This process allows the virus to make a more stable change further still evade the immune system. The second type of change is an abrupt change in the hemagglutinin and/or the neuraminidase proteins. This is called antigenic "shift. It isnt as s... ...uenza vaccines, since the vaccine is on the watch from influenza grown in eggs. The most common side effect is mild soreness at the injection site. Serious side effects such as such as life-threatening allergic reactions or Guilain-Barre syndrome are rare (fewer than 1to 2 cases per million vaccine recipients).Although the virus will continue to change and we will continue to try to defeat it, we never will. Just in the past three years two new strains have been discovered but were isolated and wiped out quickly. Maybe next time we wont be so lucky but maybe we will. After all, its only the flu and humans didnt get this far by worrying about it.Works Cited (I did it in MLA Format so be happy)PReferencesInfluenza A(H5N1). Who.gov. Online. January, 1998.Isolation of Avian Influenza A(H5N10 Viruses from Humans. CDC.Gov. Online. Hong Kong, May-December, 1997.Larson, Erik. The Flu Hunters. TIME. February 23, 1998. Britannica.com. Simao, Paul. Flu Season. Rueters. Thursday March 22, 2001. Britannica.com.Stannard, Linda M. Influenza Virus. 1995. Uct.ac.za.By Grant WadeApril 22, 2001Fayetteville, ArkansasEmail me at Buzbom99aol.com if you use this paper please.

Greek Philosopher Plato

Plato is one of the popular and widely read philosophers in the world. His thoughts have greatly influenced the western political mindset and discourse. Born in Athens around 427 BCE Plato accomplished a lot by writing a assorted treatise that shaped the worlds political thoughts onwards his death around 347 BCE.He was a student to a great philosopher, Socrates and a teacher to a famous philosopher scholar Aristotle, who also taught Alexander the great. He was greatly influenced by his teacher, Socrates who always remains the profound character in his works. In other(a) words, his thoughts are greatly influenced by Socrates while on the other hand, he also influences Aristotle.His thoughts are significant historically and intellectually in the western political and social infrastructure.One of the popular works of Plato is the Republic. It is popularly known as the Socratic dialogue, which Plato sought to address the issues of justice. Plato was more infuriated with the way Socrat es was treated before the authority.On the same pedestal, Plato is concerned about justice and the city-state. His main investigating is whether the just man is happier than the unjust in Athens. In his argument, Plato proposes a state of the philosopher kings. He asks the society to promote education among young boys and girls so that leading them becomes easier. In other words, Plato only trusts educated leaders.He is very uncomfortable with uneducated leaders since they would not be in a position to handle the intricacies of leadership. He identifies different sets of constitutions that promote injustice in the society, which include democracy, oligarchy, timocracy, and tyranny. Among the four, Socrates through Plato argues that tyranny is the worst regime.Tyrants are harsher and know no language of diplomacy, but rely on wrath to instill fear in order to rule. His classical thoughts until influences political decisions in the contemporary society, not only in the west but in ot her parts of the world as well.From the Republic, readers are exposed to some of the social injustices fuel conduct by poor leadership. Plato makes it apparent that justice has been frequently used as an instrument to lure people to follow certain leaders while on the other hand, they are duped and manipulated.He relates justice as it is communicated to the person led to a bull that is well fed, not for its welfare, but for the benefit of the owner. It is blinded to believe that the good care is meant to take care of its welfare. However, the truth of the matter is that the owner gives it good ply in readiness for slaughter. The owner wants it to be fat so that it can produce a greater amount of meat.From this standpoint, it means that the feeding is nothing meant to benefit the bull, but for the grander interest of the owner who intends to slaughter it. The same way, when people believe in justice as pronounced by their leaders, they distribute themselves cheap for manipulation and tyranny. Plato is against justice that accused and executed Socrates falsely. Through his thoughts, the world has been on the lookout to shun bad leadership and dictators of history.Therefore, his arguments have been promoted in different spheres of life to promote virtue and ethics among the people living together.

Employment Rights and Responsibilities Essay

1.1Below is a list of the aspects of profession covered by lawMinimum wageHours workedDiscriminationHealth and safetyHoliday entitlementsRedundancy and dismissalTrainingDisciplinary proceduresUnion rights and consultationMaternity pullRead more List the aspects of art covered by law essay1.2Below is a list of the main features of current employment enactmentEmployment Act 1996Equalities and Discrimination lawsEmployment Act 2008Health and safety legislation at work Act 19741.3Why do legislation relating to employment exists?The reason employment law exist is to stop the exploitation of workers by their employers, and to ensure that the employees rights are being followed. If these law didnt exists them employer would be took advantage of and whitethorn not be treated correctly and fairly. The laws cover all aspects that could arise, weither this involves age, gender, deterioration. The laws protect employees from unfair bosses. if there wasnt laws then there would be no rules, and companies could do whatever they want. These legislation are similarly in place to support employers.1.4Below are sources and types of learning and advice available in relation to employment responsibilities and rights on that point are many places you can get information from these could includeWeb sitesBooksColleaguesManagerInformation leafletsCitizens Advice Bureauunions2.1Describe the ground and conditions of own contract of employmentMy contract of employment covers Job Location, as regards to where I am based in my employment. A job description, which describes the duties and responsibilities of my role as a care accessory , Probationary period, this confirms length of probationary period which is 3 month then a full contract pass on be offered , it ordain include what is expect of me within that period and also what happens at the end of the probationary period. A description of how much I will be paid, any possible concede raises dependant on gaining certain quali fications. Payroll procedures, this describes how I will be paid, how often and when I will be paid, pay slip information, nigh the bon tons rights to make deductions if over paid or if you left and owed holiday/money for training or CRB.It will also include information about Hours, this is information on hours I am expected to do and break entitlements. It will describe my holiday entitlement, how to book it and when the leave year commences and ends. It will also include information on length of notice needed to terminate employment by myself or company. It includes information on training states that I am required to attend mandatory training and about the possibilities of further training. Sickness arrangements, details the procedure to follow if I am ill and statutory regurgitate pay entitlements. Confidentiality is included explain the need forconfidentiality due to sensitive nature of the business whilst working and after leaving. Data protection, informs of the need for the company to hold in-personized information on you.2.2Describe the information shown on our own pay statementThere is a lot of information shown on your pay statement, the sum total of wage before any deduction (gross wage) and also your wage after deductions, the amount of tax and national insurance you have paid, your pay statement will also include your national insurance number, your tax code, your pay rate and also any additional information regarding your pay for example sick pay, holiday pay and over time.2.3The procedure to follow in event of a grievanceWhen you have a grievance, you should write to your employer giving them details of your grievance. Include in your letter how you would like your employer to resolve the problem. Date the letter and keep a copy for yourself. Your employer should arrange an initial conflict to discuss your grievance. The main purpose of the meeting should be to establish the facts and find a way to resolve the problem. You have a legal right to take a representative to the meeting with you. To work up this right, you must make a request to your employer that someone comes with you. Your representative could be, a colleague, union official, or solicitor. After the meeting your employer should, without unreasonable delay, write to you with their decision. They should set out, where appropriate, what bodily function they intend to take to resolve the grievance.2.4Identify the personal information that must be kept up to date with own employerThere are some(prenominal) things that must be kept up to date with your employerthese include Name underwrite next of kin contact number Education and qualifications1.List the types of information that are held on your personal record and say why you think they are neededData an employer can keep about an employee includesNameAddressDate of birthSexEducation and qualificationsWork experienceNational Insurance numberTax codeDetails of any known disabilityEmergency contact det ailsThey will also keep details about an employee such asEmployment history with the organisationEmployment terms and conditionsAny accidents connected with workAny training takenAny disciplinary action2.Who should you inform if you are changing your personal details?You should everlastingly keep your employer informed of any changes in your personal details so that their records are up to date and correct, if you have a change in personal details you should inform your manager as soon aspossible so that they information they have for you is correct, this is very important in case of an emergency.3.How should your records be stored and who has a right to see them?Your personal records should be stored safely and securely they should be locked away so that no one can read them, if they are stored on a computer the computer should be password protected. Only your employer and yourself have a right to see your personal records unless you give permission for opposite people to see the m.2.5Explain agreed ways of working with employerThe agreed ways of working are the codes and policies provided by the employer for the care worker to follow these will include legislation, codes of conducts and employers policies and procedures that all care workers should follow when working in a care home setting. It is the responsibility of the care workers to work within the constitution guidelines provided and also to ensuring that they are working at the standard expected of them, it is a legal requirement to follow policies and procedures.

Monday and Rigorous Instruction

Troublesome I got into trouble with my English teacher, Sir Aizo. Last Tuesday, Sir Aizo had given us two sets of homework to be completed by today. He gave rigorous instruction that we had to submit them today. That way, he could correct them over the weekend and go by means of the mistakes with the class on Monday. The moment I arrived home, I quickly localise down my back, took out the two worksheets and completed doing them. I clearly consider displace the worksheets back into my file once they were completed. When I went to school today, Sir Aizo asked us to hand in our homework.I took out y file confidently but for some reasons that I could not think of, the worksheets were not in there I gave out a loud gasp. I then thought that maybe I had put them into my bag directly rather than in the file. I rummaged through the bag but in vain. The worksheets were nowhere to be found. I simply could not remember where they were. I knew that I had done them and kept them decently. How ever, since I could not adjust them, I had no option but to tell Sir Aizo. I walked towards the teachers table with doubtful steps. I was preparing myself for a lecturer and a punishment.The class hushed when they realized what I was doing. They held their breath as they waited for the scene to happen. When I approached Sir Aizo, I could barely find my courage to talk to him. I told him what happened. My heart was pounding against my chest. As expected, Sir Aizo was fuming mad. He started to scold me about my lack of discipline, time management, my irresponsibility and so on. He told me to be more careful in the future. For the rest of my day, I was feeling sorry for myself. Eloquently, I tried to rack my brains to figure out what could have happened to my work.

Oxfordshire Go Active Project Health And Social Care Essay

Over the sure-enough(a) ages a positive correlativity between strong-arm activity and health has been shown in many surveies. Physical activity has been known to forestall certain checkup conditions like cardiovascular infirmitys, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ( NIDDM ) , Colon malignant neoplastic disease and it likely gives protection against osteoporosis and mental unwellness ( USDOHHS 1996 ) . There is 1.2-2.0 fold comparative hazard of fatality rate in sedentary people than in naturally active agent cosmos USDOHHS 1996 ) . There is a greater hazard of being unfit than being fit in populating a sedentary animateness style ( Blair et al 1989 ) . A five fold hazard of mortality in unfit adult females and a threefold hazard in silent and unfit work forces compare to does that are most fit has been shown by Blair et Al. ( 1989 ) . Harmonizing to the WHO ( 2002 ) 6 % of all deceases for work forces and 6.7 % for adult females are cause by natural inaction in the true universe. Too small personal activity has been shown to be the cause of 3.3 % and 3.2 % of all lost DALY every bit genuine as an estimated 33 % of all deceases from Coronary bosom disease ( CHD ) , colon malignant neoplastic disease and NIDDM ( Powell and Blair, 1994 ) .The bulk of population in most developed states like the UK is non as sensually active as necessary from a wellness position point ( Engstrom, 1997 ) . Obviously in that respect are several pace for a society to advance physical activity and from a public wellness position PA has the potency to better the state s wellness. sedentary life has become a public wellness job particularly in the developed universe. This is chiefly due to people passing tonss of arrange campaign autos watching telecasting, playing electronic games and so on. Until of recent PA has non been in the bow forepart of national policy, nevertheless in the last decennary it is passing game recognized and it is mentioned in most of the national service frame works ( DOH 1999, DOH 2000 and DOH 2001 ) . Peoples are hence progressively encour cured and conscious by the chief(a) wellness attention in England to acquire involved in visible radiation or heavy physical activity plans by referral strategies ( Fox et al 1997, Riddock et al 1998 ) . In the UK it is the primary attention trusts ( PCT ) in coaction with Sports England who are the chief boosters and suppliers of such referral strategies and Oxford PCT is no immunity to this. Objectively the strategy is objected to assist keep the wellness and good being of the public and they recommend all grownups ( 16years and supra ) to accomplish at least(prenominal) a sum of 30 proceedingss a twenty-four hours of keep back to intensive physical activity on 5 or more than yearss a hebdomad.In 2004 the Oxford shire PCT in acknowledging this vision made a corporate determination to travel towards a clean county Sports partnership ( a partnership which jointly incl udes a web of bureaus, groups and persons who are committed to accomplishing a shared vision for the county ) which is to better the physical activity degrees of their public by dint of PA referral strategies. Sports England who was the first provokers of this alteration was willing to financially and logistically back up all the 49 counties athleticss partnerships within England under the umbrella of GO Active . The chief purpose of the Oxford shire Go active undertaking is to better the wellness and good being of the dwellers of Oxfordshire by increasing and widening engagement by grownups ( 16+ ) in athletics and active recreational plans. The partnership nucleus squad was approached by the Oxfordshire PCT in June 2007 for them to work together to debar the increasing dainty of fleshiness in the association due to inaction. As a start the PCT allocated funding for two stations to this undertaking to acquire started in 2008 which will co-occur with the launch of the new Oxfor dshire Fleshiness Strategy Program . The logic was to pull the two plans together under one streamer to maximise added value and impact while minimising salute on undertaking direction, selling every bit good as the make up monitoring and rating.This brings us to the chief subject of this thesis which is intended to m the terms effectivity of this physical activity referral strategy The Oxfordshire Go-Active Undertaking everywhere a period of a twelvemonth since it was commissioned. The potencies of physical active to better the wellness of the state from a public wellness position have been copiously manifested and yet at that place have non been equal economic ratings of such PA interventions. From experience, Jackie and Jane ( 2006 ) , have shown that people working in the wider field of public wellness does non perk up rating as their chief precedence and may even see it striping them of valuable clip that could be better utilized in bettering wellness. besides late eco nomic rating has become an built-in portion of most undertakings little or large due to the fact that most undertakings have legion interest holders all with different dockets, involvements and positions ab prohibited what result constitutes a successful undertaking.Evaluation is designed to find the value or worth of an activity ( Graney 2002 ) .Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 IntroductionThis chapter gives an overview of cardinal literature on the economic rating of physical activity referral strategies ( PARS ) or Exercise referral Schemes ( ERS ) . Over the past decennary the United Kingdom and most industrialized states have progressively recognized the function of physical activity in bettering public wellness and this resulted in a big skeletal frame of research and policy development aimed at physical activity promotion ( DOH 2004, DOH 2005, NICE 2006 ) . The function primary health care in undertaking increasing degrees of physical activity within the general population has late been reemphasized by the UK authorities ( Taylor A 2003 ) . US surgeon general ( 1996 ) reported on the chief effects of physical activity ( PA ) on wellness and disease and the effects highlighted were lower correct mortality rates and lessening hazard of cardiovascular mortality, colon malignant neoplastic disease and non insulin qualified diabetes ( NIDD ) . It was stipulated that regular PA besides delays or prevents high blood force per unit area ( HBP ) , reduces blood force per unit area in hypertensive sick persons and relieves the symptoms of depression and anxiousness. A meta depth psychology of PA in relation to the bar of coronary bosom disease ( CRD ) concluded that the comparative hazard of CRD in the least active compared to the most active is 1.9, Berlin et Al. ( 1990 ) . Physical activity in bettering the wellness and well-being of the people can non be ignored. The rational for this critical review is to secure what is known about such plans as respect to what benefits are gained, woo effectivity of intercessions and what indexs are used to mensurate effectivity qualitatively, quantitatively, morbidity or mortality rates or economically. The relevant literature will besides be used in all subdivisions of this thesis which is chiefly geared to measuring the toll effectivity of Oxfordshire GO Active undertaking run by Oxfordshire Primary Care Trust ( PCT ) .Literature from all facets and changing signifiers of PARS and or Erbiums from assort parts of the universe were looked at and the sum of literature was poetry. The reappraisal standard was found on the PICOS system, Greenhalph ( 1997 ) and Oxman et Al. ( 1994 ) , so as to guarantee lucidity, quality, truth and cogency.In this reappraisal a sum of 15 undertaking documents on physical activity referral strategies were studied and a mix March of assorted thought types and plans were considered runing from randomized statement tests, systematic reappraisals, personify eff ectiveness Socio-demographic patterning of referral surveies, strategies to advance physical activity in grownups, community based exercising programmes, primary attention based referral strategies, ethnically based referral strategies and so on. Due to the big figure of research documents found the reappraisal for the intent of thesis sweep from 1998 to 2010.A check over by Stevens et Al. ( 1998 ) did a speak to-effectiveness analysis of a primary attention based physical activity intercession in the 45-74 twelvemonth old work forces and adult females in London. In the contemplate two west London general patterns ( GP ) together with an exercising development officer ( EDO ) invited 714 inactive people time-honored 45-74 to their audiences and offered them a tell 10 hebdomad physical activity ( PA ) plan to increase their degree of exercising through combined place based and blank bosom activities. The chief aim was to measure the cost effectivity of the intercession by co mparing the cost of the PA in intercession group to that of the subordination group. The get wind group was further direct in get toation on local anaesthetic leisure centres.The initial choice procedure involved directing self assessment questionnaires to everyone in the surgery list aged between 45-74 old ages. The questionnaire judge for basic demographic informations ( instruction, ethnicity, matrimonial position and socioeconomic activity ) and a self appraisal of the figure of episodes of all mild or vigorous PA undertaken for at least 20 proceedingss per hebdomad in the last 4 hebdomads. A list of moderate activities including alert working, heavy horticulture, make pass for pleasance. Heavy DIY and swimming for leisure were given and vigorous activities like jogging/running, competitory athleticss, swimming lengths briskly, mounting stepss and fast cycling were included in questionnaire.Out of 2253 baseline questionnaires sent 1288 ( 57 % ) were returned of these 63 % were adult females and 46 % work forces, 827 were inactive, 113 excluded on medical evidences and the 714 left were randomized into 363 for intercession and 351 as control. Exercise development officer ( EDO ) through the GP invited the intercession group to a audience in a local leisure Centre. At the first audience merely 126 attended, 2nd audience 91 came and after 8 months 200 returned the hap up questionnaire. The control group, ( who were merely sent exercising packaging stuffs but non invited for any audiences ) , returned 215 questionnaires for the 8 months follow up appraisal.The consequences after 8 hebdomads showed a net 10.6 % ( 95 % Confidence Interval ( CI ) 4.5- 16.9 ) decrease in sedentary life and a corresponding increased 1.52 episodes of PA ( 95 % , CI 1.14 -1.95 ) among the intercession group. Response rate was highest in topics aged 65-74 old ages old ( 64 % ) followed by 55-64 twelvemonth olds ( 54 % ) and the youngest group 45-54 twelvemonth olds ( 37 % )Stevens et Al. ( 1998 ) calculated the cost of each single intercession to be about ?650 pieces the cost of traveling person from the control group to the recommended degree of PA would be about ?2500, a difference of ?1750. However Steven et Al. ( 1998 ) realized the cost of the enlisting procedure is the highest hence a high uptake rate of participant would shave down cost markedly. However the bettering wellness increases of PA cut mortality rate ( particularly from cardiovascular conditions, colon malignant neoplastic disease and diabetes ) , Regular PA besides delayed HBP, reduced BP in hypertensive sick persons and releases symptoms of depression and anxiousness.Statistically the Two by Two tabular arraies applied to compare the sedentary topics for intercession and the control group in the survey. The 95 % CI calculated utilizing the formulary antilog ( log OR + 1.96SE ) where the standard mistake ( SE ) = ( 1/A+1/B +1/C +1/D ) 1/2 for a standard two by two tabular array .In ciphering the cost effectivity three steps were used First the cost of bring oning one sedentary individual to set about more physical activity ( the chief intended out semen of the test ) was calculated and found to be ?623 per individual. Second the cost of traveling person who is active but below the lower limit requisite PA degree was calculated and cost at merely under ?2500 per individual. Third the cost of accomplishing any addition in an persons degree of PA cost ?327 to motion to a high group or less so ?200 for an absolute addition in PA.The survey undertaken by Steven et Al. ( 1998 ) has shown that it is possible to cut down sedentary life at a moderate PA strength in work forces and adult females between 45-74 through a primary attention trust based intercession. The enlisting procedure has besides been observed as the most of import facet of the intercession and they concluded that maximising cost effectivity is reciprocally relative to a higher uptake rate, the h igher the uptake the more cost effectual the intercession.An other cost effectivity survey carried out by rice beer et Al. ( 2004 ) at the university of Sheffield, was a clustered randomised test of a community based exercising plan in the over 65 twelvemonth olds in Sheffield. The chief aim of this survey is to measure how cost effectual a community based exercising plan for older grownups is as a population broad public wellness intercession.The survey was based on the rule that those with active life styles enjoy better physical and mental wellness than sedentary people, Fentem et Al. ( 1998 ) and Nicholl et Al. ( 1994 ) . The benefits of exercising in the aged over 65 old ages were assumed to include improved cardiovascular position, functional aptitude and mental operation every bit good as decreased hazards of CHD, shot, hip breaks, mortality rate, type II diabetes and depression, ( Paffenbarger et al. 1993, Morris et Al. 1973, Solonen et Al. 1982, Herman et al. 1983, Boyce et Al. 1988 and Wickham et Al. 1989 ) . In add-on to some of the judge additions in mortality and nest eggs from reduced usage of wellness services there is an estimated cardinal cost per Quality Adjusted Life age ( QALY ) of a17,172, ( Raftery J. NICE2001 ) .Twelve pattern list all patients with day of the month of birth before 1/4/1930In this survey 13 patterns in Sheffield were ab initio approached to take part but one opted out. The staying 12 patterns who agreed to take part, four were indiscriminately selected as intercession group ( through a computing machine random totaling plan ) and the staying eight patterns were allocated as vitamin E control. All people aged 65 or over were sent a base line postal physical activity Questionnaires ( PAQ ) , for the aged ( Vorrips et al. 1990 ) to find their current degree of accustomed PA and general wellness position utilizing ( SF-36 ) . Those with PA mark of fewer than 20 % were notified and allowed to take part. Letterss from the research squad were sent to respondents run intoing the inclusion standards ask foring them to bespeak an involvement in go toing local exercising Sessionss twice hebdomadally.To get down with 9897 people ( those born on the 1st of April 1930 ) were sent the baseline cultivation letters, 8117 ( 82 % ) of them completed the studies, 126 ( 1.2 % ) went off, there was no response from 1461 ( 14 % ) and 192 ( 2 % ) refused to finish the study signifiers. Out of the 8117 people who completed the studies 29 of them died before the 1st of August 1995, the most active 1612 and an 56 losing active mark were excluded go forthing 6420 least active people to be randomized as 2283 topics in intercession group and 4137 people in the control group. By the terminal of the intercession period 590 ( 26 % ) of those invited attended at least one session and the staying 74 % ( 1693 ) attended nor session at all. However it is of import to observe that the test had twice every bit many controls as inte rcessions and the ground for this is because the comparative cost of including controls was much smaller.After the survey design was in topographic point and allotments done to put to death the survey a timetable was arranged and a 2nd missive sent to all respondents ask foring them to the first session. This survey was similar to the 1 by Steven et Al. ( 1998 ) but the difference was the manner the intercession was introduced to the participants. It really clearly spelt out as a locally organized free twice hebdomadal exercising categories for the participants for two old ages. Besides the benefits to be derived and the chief purpose of the undertaking were clearly stated. The scope of activities on offered were clearly noted in with a specified clip edge ( 75minutes ) 45 proceedingss allocated for physical activity and the staying 30 proceedingss spent on other leisure and gratifying activities like bowling, swimming, state walking, and tea dances. The locale for most categories were to be held in church halls, community centres and or sometimes in residential places. In a nut shell the intercession was matter-of-fact, specific, inexpensive and easy organized for a big population by a public wellness bureau.The economic analysis was taken from a wellness service position and designed to make a wellness use analysis comparing be and benefits of the intercession, as sing QALY, to other purchased wellness services on offer. The result nevertheless provided adequate counsel to the policy shapers in offering exercising to the aged with the apprehension that most of the cost involved was from enlisting, disposal, payment to exercising leaders, the locale, participant s clip spent and refreshment.The one-year cost of the exercising was about ?128,302 crowing a average cost of about ?125.78 and a cost per attendant per session of ?9.06 ( i.e. a sum of 2040 Sessionss were done in the two old ages, ensue into 27 800 individual Sessionss with an estimated cardina l cost of ?267,033 ) . There was purpose to handle ( ITT ) for no topic was to be excluded from the survey by their general practicians. However QALY benefits were merely calculated based on 3149 participants who completed the SF-36 at all three appraisals ( 2097 control and 1052 intercession ) so in ciphering QALY three different attacks were examined Entire cost of plan divide by the QALY gained for study completers merely ( i.e. n = 1052 ) Entire cost for study completers merely divided by their QALY addition ( i.e. n = 1052 ) , and the entire cost divided by QALY gained presuming all the participants in the intercession arm experience the mean addition ( i.e. n = 2283 ) .The entire cost of merely the study completers divided by QALY gained ( n=1052 ) was assumed to be the cardinal estimation and when combined with the cardinal cost estimation it yields a average cost per QALY of ?17,172 ( 95 % ) CI = ( 8300 87115 ) . When these premises were changed it resulted into the cost effectivity of the exercising plan varying between ?4 739 and ?32 533 per QALY, Munro et Al. ( 2004 ) ,Mortality rate was down future(a) the 2-3 old ages intervention period but non by a important border, statistically ( p = 0.50 ) Munro et Al. ( 2004 ) . Between the intercession and control group there was no important difference in the usage of wellness services and the intercession group were estimated to hold less diminution in wellness than the control, ( Munro et al. 2004 ) .To reason it was recommended that for a more accurate appraisal of the plan to be undertaken the follow up period has to be extended and the trouble in quantifying the cost of QALY must be appreciated for merely a good estimation can be made. However it is believed that the cost uncertainness could be reduced with higher degrees of participants and lower degrees of losing informations ( Munro et al. 2004 ) . The plan farther supported Morris contention that exercise is a best bargain in public wellness footings ( Morris, 1994 ) and besides as envisaged by the UK s National Services Framework for older people ( DOH 2001 ) and it might be developed into a worthwhile consequence.Another more recent survey on the cost effectivity of a community-based physical activity intercession was carried out in the United States by Larissa et Al. ( 2008 ) . The background of this survey emphasized the association of PA with the addition hazard of many chronic diseases and with the premise these hazards lessening with increasing physical activity.The survey was a PA publicity intercession among American grownups, conducted from a social position and intended to gauge the life-time costs, wellness additions and cost effectivity ( Dollars per QALY gained ) compared to no intercession. The difference between the sum expected cost of intercession and the sum expected cost of no intercession would be the cost effectivity which is the ratio of the incremental costs ( dollars ) to incremental QALY. The incremental QALYs are the differences between entire expected QALYs associated with the intercession and those associated with no intercession.The cost effectivity analysis was of a cohort survey of US grownups who were aged 25 -64 by 2004 and were stratified by age, gender and degree of physical activity. The standard for inclusion is for All cohort members at the beginning of the survey to be good ( i.e. to be free from the five most common diseases associated with physical inaction ( i.e. CHD, Ischemic shot, type 2 diabetes, chest malignant neoplastic disease and colorectal malignant neoplastic disease ) USDHHS ( 1996 ) , Kasaniemi et Al. ( 2001 ) An elaborate survey protocol for bing must be addressable PA outcome step must be available and a survey period of at least 3 months must be carried out.Seven intercession surveies were chosen usage of personal trainers, standard behavior-therapy Sessionss, monetary inducements, phone calls to participants to increase PA, school ba sed plans or the 6years Stanford five metropolis integrated community based wellness instruction intercession for bettering PA through mark poster, media, community walking events and worksite were used.The cost effectivity of each intercession was estimated utilizing methods consistent with the guidelines established by the panel on cost-effectiveness in wellness and medical specialty Gold et Al. ( 1996 ) . The life-time costs were projected in both life-years ( endurance ) and QALYs associate with the seven evaluated PA publicity intercessions and with the non intercessions scenario. The mean comparative public unveiling of each intercession was assessed compared to no intercession utilizing the ration of any extra expected cost of each plan. The figure of disease averted were besides estimated and one-way, bipartisan and probabilistic sensitiveness analysis conducted to assist find the disenfranchisediness of the concluding consequences.The mean individual old ages cost effecti vity of the seven wellness publicity intercessions cumulated over a 40 twelvemonth clip skyline for the whole US population, aged 25-74years were summarized and reported. The deliberate norm discounted quality adjusted life anticipation ( QALE ) was 14.77 old ages and the entire life clip costs were approximately $ 195,000. Engagement in the intercessions per hebdomad improved the mean QALYs by 0.7 to 5.3. and these are tantamount to 0.014 to 0.102. ( i.e. 14.781-14.767 to 14.869-14.767 ) comparison to no intercession. Those participants in the enhanced entree intercession group by Linenger ( 1991 ) with the highest ( 0.102 ) and those in the community broad run survey by Young ( 1996 ) with the least addition ( 0.014 ) addition QALYs. The Participants of the societal support schemes intercession group, studied by Lombard ( 1995 ) had QALE of 14.79 old ages and a cost of $ 27,370 per QALY gained comparative to no intewrvention. In another intercession PA constituent of diabetes bar group separately adapted wellness behaviour changed studied by Knowler ( 2002 ) had a cost effectivity ratio of $ 46,910 when compared to no intercession.It was unequivocal all the intercessions reduced diseases incidence and the decrease ranged from 5 to 15 instances per 100,000 for colorectal malignant neoplastic diseases 15 to 58 instances per 100,000 for chest malignant neoplastic disease 59 to 207 instances per 100,000 for type 2 diabetes and to every bit many as 140 476 instances per 100,000 for CHD. Ischemic stroke which is really much age related did non follow the same decrease tendency, likely due to increase in length of service by the intercessions. One interesting observation was that as the analytical clip skyline was shortened the higher the cost of QALY gets eg cost of QALY ( when the clip skyline reduced from 40-years to 10-years, in Lambard s societal support intercession ) increased form $ 27,000 to $ 147,000.This literature reappraisal found illustrations of cost effectual analysis intercessions from assorted parts of the universe and they all seem to be based on either advice, behavior alterations, exercising or a combination of them. Evidence of cost effectivity in intercessions aimed at those whose merely hazard factor for unwellness was sedentary life style was missing. However, even though limited, there is more grounds for the cost effectivity of intercessions aimed at bad groups or those who manifest hapless wellness related to physical wellness. For a much better and a complete cost effectual analysis of publicities of PA intercessions to be achieved it is indispensable to near it from a social position e.g. is the intercession gratifying, is it making new friends, and is it bettering the mental and physical wellness of the people every bit good as their socioeconomic well-being. This becomes hard and more or less impossible due to miss of resources quantitative and qualitative informations and non plenty follow up clip is usually allotment.

Gender Differences in Depression Essay

AbstractFrom early adolescence through adulthood, wo custody atomic number 18 twice as belike as work force to experience clinical depression. some different explanations for this familiarity struggle in depression come been offered, but none seems to fully explain it. Recent enquiry has focused on sex exits in tense up responses, and in exposure to certain stressors. I review this research and describe how sexuality differences in stress experiences and stress reactivity blankthorn interact to create womens greater vulnerability to depression. Keywords gender depression stressAcross m whatsoever nations, cultures, and ethnicities, women argon about twice as presumable as men to develop depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990 Weissman et al., 1996). This is true whether depression is indexed as a diagnosed mental put out or as subclinical symptoms. Diagnosable depressive disorders argon extraordinarily common in women, who prolong a life m prevalence for major depressive d isorder of 21.3%, comp ared with 12.7% in men (Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer, & Nelson, 1993). Most explanations for the gender difference in depression have focused on exclusive variables, and studies have attempted to show that one variable is better than another in explaining the difference. In troika decades of research, however, no one variable has single-handedly accounted for the gender difference in depression.In recent years, investigators have moved toward to a greater extent integrated models, taking a transactional, developmental approach. Transactional models are appropriate be face it is clear that depression impairs social and occupational functioning, and thus butt have a major impact on an individuals environment. Developmental models are appropriate because age groups differ markedly in the gender difference in depression. Girls are no to a greater extent likely than boys to picture depression in childhood, but by about age 13, girls pass judgment of depr ession begin to increase sharply, whereas boys rates of depression remain low, and whitethorn even decrease. By late adolescence, girls are twice as likely as boys to be depressed, and this gender ratio remains much or slight the same throughout adulthood.The absolute rates of depression in women and men vary substantially across the life span, however. In this review, I focus on two themes in recent research. First, because women have less power and status than men in intimately societies, they experience certain traumas, particularly knowledgeable abuse, much lots than men. They also experience much chronic strains, such as poverty, harassment, lack of respect, and constrained choices. Second, even when women and men experience the same stressors, women may be more likely than men to develop depression because of gender differences in biological responses to stressors, self-concepts, or coping styles. Frequent stressful experiences and reactivity to stress are likely to hav e reciprocal cause on each other. Stressful experiences can buoy sensitize both biological and psychological systems to future stress, making it more likely that individuals will react with depression. In turn, reactivity to stress is associated with impaired problem solving, and, as a result, with the accumulation or generation of new stressors, which may contribute to more depression.STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTSWomens lack of social power makes them more vulnerable than men to specific major traumas, particularly sexual abuse. Traumas may contribute directly to depression, by making women feel they are helpless to control their lives, and may also contribute indirectly, by increasing womens reactivity to stress. Womens social fictitious characters also carry a number of chronic strains that might contribute directly or indirectly to depression. Major changes in the frequency of traumatic events and in social roles coincide with the emergence of gender differences in depression in adol escence, and may help to explain this emergence.Victimization Women are the victims of sexual assaultdefined as being pressured or forced into unwanted sexual contactat least twice as a lot as men, and people with a history of sexual assault have increased rates of depression (see Weiss, Longhurst, & Mazure, 1999). Sexual assault during childhood has been more systematically linked with the gender difference in depression than sexual assault that first occurs during adulthood. Estimates of the prevalence of childhood sexual assault range widely. Cutler and I reviewed the most methodologically 174 sound studies including both male and effeminate participants and found rates of childhood sexual assault between 7 and 19% for females and between 3 and 7% for males (Cutler & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). We estimated that, in turn, as much as 35% of the gender difference in adult depression could be accounted for by the higher incidence of assault of girls relative to boys.A few studies have try outd whether depression might be an antecedent rather than a consequence of sexual assault. Depression does appear to increase risk for sexual assault in women and men, but sexual assault significantly increases risk for first or new onsets of depression. Childhood sexual assault may increase risk for depression throughout the life span because abuse experiences negatively alter biological and psychological responses to stress (Weiss et al., 1999). Children and childishs who have been abused, particularly those who have been repeatedly abused over an extended period of time, tend to have poorly regulated biological response to stress. Abuse experiences can also negatively alter childrens and adolescents perspectives on themselves and others, lend to their vulnerability to depression (Zahn-Waxler, 2000). do nearly all the child care and domestic serve of the home. In addition, women are increasingly sandwiched between caring for young children and caring for sick and elderly family members.This role overload is said to contribute to a palpate of burn out and general distress, including depressive symptoms, in women. In the context of heterosexual relationships, some women calculate inequities in the distribution of power over important decisions that moldiness be made, such as the decision to move to a new city, or the decision to buy an expensive item such as a car (Nolen-Hoeksema, Larson, & Grayson, 1999). Even when they voice their opinions, women may feel these opinions are not taken seriously, or that their viewpoints on important issues are not respected and affirm by their partners. My colleagues and I measured chronic strain by grouping inequities in workload and heterosexual relationships into a single variable, and found that this variable promiseed increases in depression over time, and partially accounted for the gender difference in depression (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999). Depression also contributed to increased chronic strain over t ime, probably because it was associated with reductions in perceptions of control and effective problem solving.Girls also feel that if they pursue male-stereotyped activities and preferences, such as interests in math and science or in competitive sports, they are rejected by their peers. For many girls, especially white girls, popularity and social acceptance become narrowly oriented around appearance. This narrowing of acceptable behavior for girls in early adolescence may contribute to the increase in depression in girls at this time, although this popular theory has been the focus of remarkably little empirical research (NolenHoeksema & Girgus, 1994). There is substantial evidence that excessive concern about appearance is negatively associated with wellbeing in girls, but these findings may apply primarily to white girls. In addition, very little research has examined whether appearance concerns and gender roles are risk factors for depression or wholly correlates.REACTIVITY TO STRESS Even when women and men are confronted with similar stressors, women may be more vulnerable than men to developing depression and related anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, Peterson, & Schultz, 1997). Womens greater reactivity compared with mens has been attributed to gender differences in biological responses, self-concepts, and coping styles. Biological Responses to Stress For many years, the biological explanations for womens greater vulnerability to depression focused on the direct effects of the ovarian hormones (especially estrogen and progesterone) on womens moods. This literature is too large and com-Chronic Strains Women face a number of chronic burdens in everyday life as a result of their social status and roles relative to men, and these strains could contribute to their higher rates of depression (see Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990). Women make less money than men, and are much more likely than men to live in poverty. Wome n are more likely than men to be sexually harassed on the job. Women often have full-time paid jobs and also Gender Intensification in Adolescence Social pressure to conform to gender roles is thought to increase dramatically as children move through puberty. For girls, this may mean a reduction in their opportunities and choices, either real or perceived. harmonize to adolescents own reports, parents restrict girls more than boys behaviors and have lower expectations for girls than for boys competencies plicated to review here (but see Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990, 1995).Simply put, despite widespread popular belief that women are more prone to depression than men because of direct negative effects of estrogen or progesterone on mood, there is little consistent scientific evidence to support this belief. Although some women do become depressed during periods of hormonal change, including puberty, the premenstrual period of the menstrual cycle, menopause, and the postpartum period, it is un clear that these depressions are due to the direct effects of hormonal changes on mood, or that depressions during these periods of womens lives account for the gender differences in rates of depression. More recent biological research has focused not on direct effects of ovarian hormones on moods, but on the moderating effects of hormones, particularly adrenal hormones, on responses to stress.The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a major role in regulating stress responses, in part by regulating levels of a number of hormones, including cortisol, which is released by the adrenal glands in response to chemicals secreted by the thoughts hypothalamus and then the pituitary. In turn, cortisol levels can match other biochemicals known to influence moods. People with major depressive disorder often show proud cortisol responses to stress, indicating dysregulation of the HPA response. An intriguing hypothesis is that women are more likely than men to have a dysregulated H PA response to stress, which makes them more likely to develop depression in response to stress (Weiss et al., 1999).Women may be more likely to have a dysregulated HPA response because they are more likely to have suffered traumatic events, which are known to contribute to HPA dysregulation. In addition, ovarian hormones modulate regulation of the HPA axis (Young & Korszun, 1999). Some women may have depressions during periods of rapid change in levels of ovarian hormones (the postpartum period, premenstrual period, menopause, and puberty) because hormonal changes trigger dysregulation of the stress response, making these women more vulnerable to depression, particularly when they are confronted with stress. The causal relationship between HPA axis regulation and the gender difference in depression has not been established but is likely to be a major focus of future research.Subordinate their own need and desires completely to those of others, they become excessively dependent on the good graces of others (Cyranowski, Frank, Young, & Shear, 2000). They may then be at high risk for depression when conflicts arise in relationships, or relationships end. several(prenominal) recent studies have shown that girls and women are more likely than boys and men to develop depression in response to interpersonal stressors. Because depression can also interfere with interpersonal functioning, an important topic for future research is whether the gender difference in depression is a consequence or cause of gender differences in interpersonal strain.Coping StylesBy adolescence, girls appear to be more likely than boys to respond to stress and distress with ruminationfocusing in on feelings of distress and personal concerns rather than taking action to relieve their distress. This gender difference in rumination then is maintained throughout adulthood. Several longitudinal and experimental studies have shown that people who ruminate in response to stress are at increased r isk to develop depressive symptoms and depressive disorders over time (Nolen-Hoeksema et al., 1999). In turn, the gender difference in rumination at least partially accounts for the gender difference in depression. Rumination may not only contribute directly to depression, but may also contribute indirectly by impairing problem solving, and thus preventing women from taking action to overcome the stressors they face.Self-Concept Although the idea that girls have more negative self-concepts than boys is a mainstay of the pop-psychology literature, empirical studies testing this hypothesis have produced mixed results (Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). Several studies have found no gender differences in self-esteem, self-concept, or dysfunctional attitudes. Those studies that do find gender differences, however, tend to show that girls have poorer self-concepts than boys.Again, negative self-concepts could contribute directly to depression, and could interact with stressors to contribute to depression. Negative self-concept has been shown to predict increases in depression in some studies of children (Nolen-Hoeksema & Girgus, 1994). One consistent difference in males and females self-concepts concerns interpersonal orientation, the tendency to be concerned with the status of ones relationships and the opinions others hold of oneself. Even in childhood, girls appear more interpersonally oriented than boys, and this gender difference increases in adolescence (Zahn-Waxler, 2000).AN INTEGRATIVE MODELWomen suffer certain stressors more often than men and may be 176 more vulnerable to develop depression in response to stress because of a number of factors. Both stress experiences and stress reactivity contribute directly to womens greater rates of depression compared with men. Stress experiences and stress reactivity also feed on each other, however. The more stress women suffer, the more hyperresponsive they may be to stress, both biologically and psychologically. This hyperresponsiveness may undermine womens ability to control their environments and overcome their stress, leading to even more stress in the future.In addition, depression contributes directly to more stressful experiences, by interfering with occupational and social functioning, and to vulnerability to stress, by inciting rumination, robbing the individual of any sense of mastery she did have, and possibly sensitizing the biological systems involved in the stress response. Important advances will be made in explaining the gender difference in depression as we understand better the reciprocal effects of biological, social, and psychological systems on each other. Key developmental transitions, particularly the early adolescent years, are natural laboratories for observing the establishment of these processes, because so much changes during these transitions, and these transitions are times of increased risk. Additional questions for future research include how culture and ethnicity affect the gender difference in depression.The gender difference is found across most cultures and ethnicities, but its size varies considerably, as do the absolute percentages of depressed women and men. The processes contributing to the gender difference in depression may also vary across cultures and ethnicities. Understanding the gender difference in depression is important for at least two reasons. First, womens high rates of depression exact tremendous costs in quality of life and productivity, for women themselves and their families. Second, understanding the gender difference in depression will help us to understand the causes of depression in general. In this way, gender provides a valuable lens through which to examine basic human processes in psychopathology.Recommended ReadingCyranowski, J.M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). (See References) Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). (See References) Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J.S. (1994). (See References) Nolen-Hoeksema, S ., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). (See References) Young, E., & Korszun, A. (1999). (See References)ReferencesBreslau, N., Davis, G.C., Andreski, P., Peterson, E.L., & Schultz, L. (1997). Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 10441048. Cutler, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Accounting for sex differences in depression through female victimization Childhood sexual abuse. Sex Roles, 24, 425438. Cyranowski, J.M., Frank, E., Young, E., & Shear, K. (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 2127. Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Swartz, M., Blazer, D.G., & Nelson, C.B. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 8596. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA Stanford University Press. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1995). Gender diffe rences in coping with depression across the lifespan. Depression, 3, 8190. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J.S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424443. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Larson, J., & Grayson, C. (1999). Explaining the gender difference in depression. Journal of nature and Social Psychology, 77, 10611072. Weiss, E.L., Longhurst, J.G., & Mazure, C.M. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse as a risk factor for depression in women Psychosocial and neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 816828. Weissman, M.M., Bland, R.C., Canino, G.J., Faravelli, C., Greenwald, S., Hwu, H.-G., Joyce, P.R., Karam, E.G., Lee, C.-K., Lellouch, J., Lepine, J.P., Newman, S.C., Rubio-Stipc, M., Wells, E., Wickramaratne, P.J., Wittchen, H.-U., & Yeh, E.K. (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 293299. Young, E., & Korszun, A. (1999). Women, stress, and depression Sex differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. In E. Leibenluft (Ed.), Gender differences in mood and anxiety disorders From bench to bedside (pp. 3152). Washington, DC American Psychiatric Press. Zahn-Waxler, C. (2000). The development of empathy, guilt, and internalization of distress Implications for gender differences in internalizing and externalizing problems. In R. Davidson (Ed.), Wisconsin Symposium on Emotion Vol. 1. Anxiety, depression, and emotion (pp. 222265). Oxford, England OxfordUniversity Press.

Reasons of Government Intervention in Transportation Industry

Abstract Certain function john be carried out satisfactorily only by the central or local political sympathies even where the provision of reality transit is left entirely to the clannish sector, the goernment has an important role to play. If only to ensure through appropriate indemnity measures that the operating environment is conducive to the development of a suitable manoeuvre industry. A fundamental requirement is full government commitment to the success of the conveyancing system even if this requires difficult political decision.In this report, there are few reasons for government function in the transport industry with of course based on real-life modelings. TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY OVERVIEW stockpile is that part of economic activity which bear on with increasing human satisfaction by changing the geographic position of goods or people. It may forge raw materials to where they can be manufactured more(prenominal) easily, or finished goods to places where consum er can make best use of them. Alternatively, it may bring the consumer to places where he or she can enjoy service which are being do available.There are 5 types of transportation mode which are road, rail, sea, air and pipeline. separately of it has its own characteristics as well as advantage and disadvantages. The transportation industry can be broken batch into three major groups of companies transfer, passenger transport, and equipment manufacturers. In some cases, particularly within shipping and passenger transport, companies fork over go in multiple areas of the industry. Shipping companies are responsible for the transportation of supplies, and products to businesses, governments and individual consumers and extend on a global basis.The passenger transport division provides people with the means to get anywhere on the planet, whether it is by air, sea or land. Finally, the manufacturing segment produces the trucks, planes, ships and railcars along with all the techn ology that al small(a) transportation to exist in its current form. These manufacturers are just as essential to the transportation of materials and people as are the companies that transport them. Slow economic activity results in lower demand for freight and passenger transportation.According to the IATA, the air transport industry lost more than $4 billion amidst the 2008 global recession. Another major driver of the industry is cost, in terms of ticket expenses and financing (demand) and factors of production (supply). expatriationation activities heighten during the pass seasons, carry oning the performance of this industry. The major players of the transportation industry are * Railways The US has the biggest railway network (approximately 240,000 kms). Other countries with vast railway lines are Russia (154,000 kms) and Canada (72,961 kms). Airways The major airlines are British Airways, Lufthansa, Qantas, Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Air France-KLM and Southwest Airlines. * Shipping and logistics The chief shipping companies are APM Maersk (TEU capacity 2,031,886), Mediterranean Shipping Company (1,469,865) and CMA CGM Group (988,141). Government in Transport Industry Any transport system requires basic commandments in the interest of popular safety. A basic framework of rules must be laid down and enforced. Offences must be delineated and punishments prescribed.The doctrine of Laissez-Faire, which drew from the eighteenth-century, holds that the state should not interfere with the activities of private individuals who are showing enterprise but should leave them to do as what seem fit. But it soon become apparent that in reality where the entrepreneur are aiming at the greatest personal profit, was likely to try the general public, especially in view of the monopolistic record of many early transport enterprises. Here are where the line of government to start their involvement in the industry with a lots more additional reasons.Transport policies arise because of the extreme importance of transport in virtually every aspect of depicted object life. Transport is taken by governments of all types, from those that are intervention list to the most liberal, as a vital factor in economic development. Transport is seen as a key mechanism in promoting, developing and shaping the national economy. Transport frequently is an issue in national security. Policies are true to establish sovereignty or to ensure curtail over national space and borders. TheInterstate Highway Act of 1956, that provided the United States with its network of expressways, was formulated by chair Eisenhower on the grounds of national security. Reasons commonly advanced for government involvement in urban transport markets include The public good or non-commercial nature of urban transport Natural monopolies in public transport Safety regulation Environmental and health effects and Providing glide slope to the transport disadvantaged. A. Transport s ervices as a public goodCertain transport services may not be provided sufficiently or at all by the private sector even though they are valued by users because of inherent difficulties in charging for or excluding those who do not pay for the service. For example, without government funding, roads would be under-provided. Commercial incentives to provide roads privately are compromised by the need to allow many entry and exit points from a given travel plan (particularly for local roads), presenting obstacles to the efficient collection of user charges. However, the distinction between a public and a purely commercial service is not always clearcut.Some participants argued that public transport in like manner possessed the attributes of a public good. For example, the Council of Pensioner and Retired Persons Association (SA) Inc commented The idea of User Pays that the system will pay for itself is absurd. Public transport is a PUBLIC UTILITY, a PUBLIC SERVICE, the same as the Police Force or the Fire Brigade. B. Controlling Monopolies Transport is a natural monopoly in many ways but particularly in the case of transport where very heavy capital costs are involved. The best examples are the canalise of the eighteenth-century.The existence of a natural monopoly in certain aspects of urban public transport is seen as necessitating a role for government to prevent the exercise of market power and possible exploitation of the travelling public. This role usually takes the form of direct service provision and/or regulation of fares. Unrestrained competition reachs to market dominance by a company thereby achieving monopoly power. Such dominance brings into question many issues affecting the public interest such as access (in a port would smaller shipping lines be excluded? , availability (would smaller markets continue to receive air service by a monopoly carrier? ) and price (would the monopolist be in a position to charge high prices? ). Other reasons for policy intervention include the desire to limit foreign ownership of such a vital industry for concerns that the system would be sidetracked to service more foreign than national interests. For example, the US limits the amount of foreign ownership of its municipal airlines to a maximum of 49%, with a maximum of 25% control. Other countries remove similar restrictions. C. SafetyTransport raises many questions about public safety. Issues of public safety have for a long time led to the development of policies requiring driving licenses, limiting the hours of work of drivers, imposing equipment standards, establishing speed limits, mandating highway codes, seat belts and other accident controls. more(prenominal) recently, environmental standards and control measures are being instituted, in response to the growing awareness of the environmental impacts of transport. Examples include banning leaded gasoline and mandating catalytic converters in automobiles.Both the US government a nd such international organizations as the International Maritime organization (IMO) and the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) have instituted new measures that impact on operations, and represent additional costs to the transport industry. An inadequate level of safety may be provided by a free market if operators do not incur the full costs of damage or injury to passengers and by standees caused by an absence of safety measures. For example, those injured incur costs which can only be retrieved through personal insurance or common law.D. Environmental and Health Governments are beginning to exert greater control over environmental and health, issues that are replacing former preoccupations with economic matters. The environment is becoming a significant issue for government intervention. Coastal zone legislation has made it increasingly difficult for ports to develop new sites in the US. Air quality is a major factor influencing the allocation of US federal funds for urban transport fundament. In Europe, environmental issues are having an even greater influence on transport policy.The EU Commission is promoting rail and short sea shipping as alternatives to road freight transport. Projects are assessed on the basis of CO2 reduction. All transportation projects are subject to extensive environmental assessments, which may lead to a rejection of proposals, despite strong economic justification, such as the case of the Dibden Bay proposal for expanding the port of Southampton in the UK. As a major reference point of atmospheric pollution and environmental degradation, the transportation industry can anticipate many further government environmental policy interventions. E. Providing Access to the Transport DisadvantagedGovernments also intervene to assist the transport disadvantaged. Some members of the community may not be able to afford adequate access to transport due to low incomes and/or the high cost of transport to them. The desire to provid e public transport at a particularly low cost to pensioners, the unemployed, the old and the youngish has provided justification for government being involved in urban transport operations. Almost universally, public transport has been provided at a loss because governments have been concerned that it be accessible to as many people as possible at a price as low as possible.Many transport modes and services are capital intensive, and thus policies seeking to promote services or infrastructure that the private sector are unwilling or unable to provide may be made commercially viable with the aid of subsidies. Private railroad companies in the Nineteenth Century received large land grants and gold payments from governments anxious to promote rail services. In the US, the Jones Act, that seeks to protect and sustain a US-flagged merchant fleet, subsidizes ship construction in US shipyards.Indirect subsidies were offered to the air carriers of many countries in the early years of comm ercial aviation through the awarding of mail contracts. The Roles of Different Levels of Government In each State and Territory, governments operate public transport authorities. Urban rail systems are run by state government monopolies. In the case of buses, a mix of public and private operators prevails, but private operators usually operate under licences or contracts specifying routes, schedules, fares and so on. Taxis are mainly run by private interests, but are heavily regulated by government licensing bodies.State governments are responsible for the construction and maintenance of state arterial roads. These functions are performed through the various state road agencies. State departments of transport or their equivalents generally administer overall transport policy. Other government agencies which impinge on urban transport include urban planning and environment. The nature, extent and enduringness of coordinating machinery vary. Local governments also play a considerable role through their land use regulations, funding of local roads, and provision of local public transport.The Commonwealth Office of Local Government identified a number of activities of local government The construction, funding, design and managements of roads Land use planning and regulation Providing some specialised local public transport Shaping transport options by measures such as control of parking Providing transport related infrastructure such as car parking areas and bus/rail interchanges and Interaction with other government spheres on land use and transport planning. ConclusionIt is essential to control transport from many points of view, but it is important not to make regulations so burdensome that they discourage enterprise. The chief reasons for regulations are to promote safety of the public, to prevent the crime of monopoly situations and to avoid cut-throat competition. It is also important to ensure that transport costs are not passed on to the general p ublic as social costs for example as pollution, noise, accident damage and more. Therefore the government involvement in transport industry is important to balance up the economy and benefit both on the entrepreneur side or the consumer.REFFERENCES The Australian Governments role in transport security, retrieved on 5 December 2011 from http//www. dfat. gov. au/facts/transport_security. html Transportation Industry, retrieved on 3 December 2011 from http//www. wikinvest. com/industry/Transportation EconomyWatch (30 June 2010), Transportation Industry, Transportation Sector retrieved from http//www. economywatch. com/world-industries/transportation-industry. html Don Benson, Ralph Bugg, Geoffrey Whitehead (1994). Transport and Logistic. Great Britain Woodhead-Faulkner (Publisher) Limited.

EXP Syllabus

I leave be grading it comparatively harshly, but If you want to raise your grade, you can make the edits I have suggested, and turn the new cover in ALONG WITH the original, edited paper, and that get out raise your grade quite a bit. Goal the closing here is to work on 3 things allowing you to investigate a memory related topic of your choice, change magnitude your military with research/scientific methodology, and working on your writing and editing skills. Due Date in that respect bequeath be 3 times in this semester when papers lead be handed in to me, but you only have to do ONE paper.Im having you all not turn them all in at once because that would civilize me forever to grade, as I govern in a sell of effort to helping you edit and match to do scientific writing. First Batch of Papers, due 2/10 Second Batch of Papers, due 317 Third Batch of Papers, due 3/31 You give sign up for which date you want to turn in your paper during class. I will gnarl around 3 sheets a nd it will be archetypical come first serve. As such, Im guessing several(prenominal) people will sign in for the latest date, but if you do get stuck with the early ones, it will probably be a good thing.The semester always gets busier as you go, so I bet it will help to get this out of the way early so you can focus on opposite classes. Sons Studies. Simply sign-up and participate in 4 acknowledgments worth of Sons studies. If you do that, this portion of your grade will be the full 20%. These are GAME POINTS, so easy to get full credit here, so get them done early. Participation. We will have numerous in-class discussions, which should give you n opportunity for me to learn who you are. Definitely speak up and dont be shy being active in your education is really important.Another opportunity for meshing points will be in-class activities I will have you do various things and put your name on it, if you do a good Job and take the activities seriously, that will count toward s your participation grade. Extra Credit. I will randomly give out pop quizzes in class, but they will be worth additional credit only. They cant hurt your grade. There will also be extra credit available to the winning teams during our Jeopardy view days. Warning on top of the usual topics, on that point will be an random category of question.If youd like additional extra credit, you can sign-up to present your clause in front of the class (see course calendar). The presentation will be about 10 transactions long. You will describe the topic/article you read about, discuss your critique of it, and discuss your idea for forthcoming studies. Email me EARLY to reserve a spot. Slots will be filled on a first come first serve basis. Course Policies Attendance is NOT mandatory. There is no way to take attendance in a class like this. However, you will miss out on some opportunities if you dont show up.Participation is highly encouraged. I will be calling on people, some who raise the ir work force and some who do not raise their hands. If this makes you really anxious, you may email Honesty This course operates on the Universitys label of Academic Integrity. This Code of Academic Integrity reflects the values articulated in the Student Code of Standards. All students are expected to adhere to a standard of academic conduct, which demonstrates respect for themselves, their fellow students, and the educational mission of Florida International University. No cheating, no popularizing.

Eating habit Essay

AbstractThis report investigates ingest habits among students according to their archetypal meal of the day, plant nutrition intake and amount of junk food they eat. This interrogation was carried out through a questionnaire containing 11 questions related to all the sub-topics mentioned above. The sample was 30 students, males and females from different countries. surfeit1. Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Scope1.3 Aim1.4 Hypothesis2. Methodology3. Results4. Conclusion5. Recommendation6. Bibliography7. Appendix1 IntroductionNowadays, eating healthily has been a significant factor in society due to the health bumps brought just about by modern society such as obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure-which has evermore been an issue-no healthy breakfast, lack of output and vegetable, eating junk food. Related to main and secondary research, this report go away whether students eat healthily ornot.1.1 BackgroundA watch over showed that regular breakfast eaters were more cr edibly to take vitamin or mineral supplements on the day they skipped breakfast. In Australia, less than 10% of adults eat a cooked breakfast, the typical breakfast is based on cereal, bread, milk and fruit (including juice). Furthermore, women were more likely to eat fruit and less likely to eat sugar and honey than men. (Williams.P.G., 2002) Plant food (vegetable and fruit) now are world recognised by more and more health experts as providing important health benefit, including decreased risk of disease such as heart disease, umteen kinds of cancers and type-2 diabetes. However, the consumption of plant food in many developed countries including Australia, does not meet recommended levels (Lea, Crawford & Worsley, 2006). In term of junk food, which is considered as energy-dense, nutrient-poor food, it not only threatens health but its saturated fat and sugar can also impair ones retrospection ( take up mystifys junk food threatens not just health but also memory, 2013).Today a lot of advertisements about junk food can be seen on TV. A survey of more than 12,000 teenagers has found that the greater the exposure to advertisements for unhealthy food, the more teens asked for and bought it (fast food ads influence teens eating habits, 2011).1.2 ScopeThis report is focused on three aspects of the extensive topic Are students eating healthily? The aspects are 1.Eating breakfast, 2.vegetableand fruit in their diet, 3.Junk food (fast food, food with high energy and fat, sugary sodas). Besides, the sample of the research is only 30 people. This is because of time li of students.1.3 AimThe aim of this report is to find out whether students eat healthily based on their first meal of the day and their daily food choice, which can be described in terms of whether they collect healthy breakfast, the mount of vegetable and fruit they eat, and frequency of eating junk food. 1.4 HypothesisThis report predicts that students get int have healthy eatinghabits as the gener al Australian population. Regarding breakfast, it is believed that most students siret have healthy breakfast, as they spend a lot of time coming to school. When it comes to food choice, students dont eat enough fruits and vegetables, but eat too much fast food or sugary sodas.2 MethodologyThe way this research project was carried out by a survey. This survey consists of 11 questions and the sample is 30 people who are student from different classes and different nationalities such as Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian. There were totally 21 male and 9 females.3 ResultsThe aim of the report is to find out whether student eat healthily in term of 1.breakfast, 2.plant food (fruits and vegetables), 3.junk food.6 BibliographyFast nutriment (2011, November 19) .Fast food adds influence teens eating habits, survey finds. Herald Sun. Retrieved from http//www.heraldsun.com.au/archive/news/fast-food-ads-influence-teens-eating-habits-survey-finds/story-fn7x8me2-1226199423435 Lea, EJ., Crawford, D., Worsley, A.(2006).Consumers readiness to eat a plant-based diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 342351. William,P.G. (2002).What Australians eat for breakfast an analysis of data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. Australia BlackwellStudy Finds (2013, December 17). Study Finds Junk Food Threatens Not Just Health But Also Memory, international Business Times. Retrieved from http//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=e38e5356-7a0b-4d8b-87d3-0edc8b074e1c%40sessionmgr110&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=bwh&AN=530723.20131217

Athenian democracy Essay

Due to experiencing the volatile state of the Athenian government, it is non affect that Socrates had much to say on the topic of semipolitical philosophy. Central to his political scheme was his position on how citizens ought to approach ethics and politics. In the Apology, Socrates conduct demonstrates his belief that citizens must not be complacent when it comes to political virtue. In order to push citizens out of self-complacency, Socrates usaged a method called the elecnhus to prod citizens to discover the straight definition of virtues (Jowett, 2009).In doing this, Socrates hoped to promote a rigorous understanding of handed-down moral virtues an understanding of what courage, justice, and wisdom, unfeignedly meant (Jowett, 2009). At first glance, it seems that Socrates is promoting the hold of the handed-down virtues, and is on that arrestfore a conservative. On the contrary, I will designate that Socrates conservative rationale serves only when as a diversion from his fundament intentions. In defending this statement, I will first outline Socrates conduct and motives in the Apology.Second, I will present the argument for how this demeanor endorse end be interpreted as being conservative using narratives from Crito and The Republic. Lastly, I will beseech why this behaviour sort of demonstrates that Socrates was a radical. In the Apology, Plato exits a narrative of Socrates defence for using the elenchus, an complete challengeing method, to stir the position of Athenian citizens on conventional set (Jowett, 2009). Derived from various arguments in The Apology, Crito, and The Republic, it can be found that Socrates had two motives for his conduct.The first motive stems from his look of benefit in the spiritual realm, which is derived from his system of virtue. He held that the best spiritedness for hu mankinds is a action of virtue, and a life of virtue entailed seek to comprehend the genuine essence of values (Jowett, 200 9). The practice of valuing true knowledge was seen to be intrinsically unplayful for citizens, for it adhered to the success of the human mind (Jowett, 2009). Further, Socrates held that evil in this context was the ignorance of the intrinsic worth of the traditional values, and complacency when it comes to abiding by much(prenominal) values (Jowett, 2009).thitherfore, Socrates first motive for using the elenchus method to stir his broncobuster citizens, was so that they could abandon their ignorance and begin to obey the true nature of human life, that is a life and soul of virtue (Jowett, 2009). By doing this, citizens would adhere to the true meaning behind traditional values. The second motive stems from his notion of benefit in the domainly realm, derived from his theory on laws. When it came to justice, there were multiple versions of what playing justice entailed. For instance, gibe to Cephalus, it was to honour your obligation to the city (Plato, 1974, 674).For Polem archus it was reward and penalty to those who rightfully deserved it (Plato, 1974, 676). However, the orthodox versions of justice was that it problematic simply adhering to the laws (Plato, 1974, 687). While this does contribute to a just social arrangement, in that everyone performs the role appropriate to them, it does not address the matters of ethics and law. On that matter, Socrates observed that simply obeying these laws did not automatically entail that the person was acting just, this is because laws are vulnerable to being unjust (Plato, 1974, 701).This introduced a concept that there exists an essence of justice, such that there is an essential nature of justice and injustice and what a perfectly just and perfectly unjust man would be like (Plato, 1964, 472b). Without knowledge of the essence of justice, respective(prenominal)s would only be acting just by coincidence, for they would not be able to determine whether their actions were just or not (Plato, 1964, 458a). C ontributing to this argument, Socrates saw that laws, and everything else in the physiological world, were flexible (Plato, 1974, 98, 505c).This meant that the laws were defined by whomever was in power at the time in democracy it was the majority, and in tyranny it was the tyrant. at that placefore, Socrates held that it was necessary for citizens themselves to comprehend the essence of justice so that they could avoid being slaves to those who managed to hold heavy influence at the time (Plato, 1974, 98, 505c). Such that those who held legal influence whitethorn be blind towards the reasoned or essence of justice (Plato, 1974, 98, 505c).Therefore, Socrates second motivation for using the elenchus was in order to promote the valuing of justice, and other traditional values, in hopes that Athenian citizens could identify for themselves the things which adhere to the essence of these values. Accordingly, with these two motives in mind, Socrates engaged with the citizens of Athe ns, invoking them to question the traditional Hellenic values. His mission was to give birth in them a desire to understand the true essence of values, and then to be able to recognize it in the bodily world.In response to such conduct, Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth, and questioning Greek life, giving rise to the context in The Apology. From the perspective of the Athenian jury, based on his charges, it appeared that Socrates conduct was radical. For the second part of this essay, by using his two motives as a reference, I will now explore the various arguments for why Socrates was not a radical, but instead a conservative. For the purpose of this essay, I will hold that the definition of conservative means the conservation of traditional values.Based on his first motive, in order to encourage citizens to abandon their ignorance and begin to virtuously treasure the traditional Greek value, Socrates openly admitted that he had to push citizens to challenge and ques tion these values (Jowett, 2009). It was seen as radical because such questioning of traditional values was seen as insulting and violating these same values (Jowett, 2009). While this may be seen as radicalism, it is put one over that this is not the case when Socrates concept of the spiritual realm and the forms are introduced.Stemming from his theory of values, Socrates believed that all traditional Greek values existed in a pure and absolute form that could only become known through reason (Jowett, 2009). Therefore, the purpose of questioning the traditional values was only in order to stimulate the realization of the true essence of these values. Socrates believed that by doing so, it was the ultimate act of compliancy to traditional moral values, and the first motive can thus be interpreted as conservative.However, the questioning of traditional values ultimately entailed the questioning of Athenian laws. While this also may be seen as radicalism, it is clear that this is n ot the case when Socrates distinguishes the difference between the worldly realm and the spiritual realm. Socrates believed that all traditional Greek values were embodied in a universal law within the spiritual realm, that is above the malleable Athenian law which existed in the physical realm. While Socrates respected and abided by the Athenian law, he was also critical of the nature of such laws.Socrates explains that, because these Athenian laws were malleable to the distribution of political power, these laws were vulnerable to deviation from the traditional values (Plato, 1974, 98, 505c). By promoting the questioning of Athenian laws, Socrates believed that he was preserving the traditional values in the legal system. This traces back to his previous argument, that justice is not simply obeying the law (Plato, 1974, 701). This serves to visual aspect that Socrates conduct which encouraged the questioning of Athenian law was not radical, but consistent with conservatism.Anothe r piece of evidence was Socrates response to escaping prison, as seen in Critos. Here Socrates is offered help from his friend Critos, to escape his death sentence from the Athenian court, but declines out of his respect for the Athenian law (Gallop, 1997, 36, 45a). This is depicted when Socrates states, I cannot now reject the very principles that I previously adopted, and I respect and honour the same ones I did before (Gallop, 1997, 36, 46c).Further, Socrates also embraced the obey or persuade principle, where if a person disagrees with the law, they must systemically reassign it, or accept and obey it (Gallop, 1997, 40, 52a). Therefore, Socrates acceptance of his death sentence from the Athenian court is an ultimate submission to preserving the integrity of the justice system. Accordingly, while Socrates was deemed a radical by the Athenian courts for promoting the questioning of traditional values and Athenian law, it could be argued that he was actually a conservative who wa s promoting the appreciation of these values and reinforcing them in Athenian laws.This is defended by the forfeiting of his life in the name of adhering to the justice system. On the contrary, I will now argue for a different interpretation of these pieces of evidence to show that Socrates was indeed a radical who disguised his intentions under a conservative facade. Radicalism will be treated as the confabulation of conservativism, which will be defined as promoting political reform and deviation from traditional values. The starting point of this argument is that, while Socrates condemns disobeying the law for it is analogous to disobeying your parents, he does not say it is wrong try to change it (Gallop, 1997, 40, 52a).In alignment with radicalism, Socrates sought to be a catalyst of change change in Athens. Although Socrates claimed to be promoting the appreciation of traditional values, what he actually was doing was promoting a change in the itinerary Athenians appreciated these values. Traditionally, these values were undertaken in order to avoid problems in the physical world (Jowett, 2009). For instance, justice was valued for its ability to exert order and a functioning society. Socrates promulgated a different reason to pursue traditional values, that is to provide benefit in a spiritual manner (Jowett, 2009).This is reflected in his theory of the soul, where he promoted the discipline of appetence and spirit by reason (Cornford, 1974, 23, 428d). For Socrates, the purpose of disciplining the soul was was to pursue spiritual virtue. This is a deviation in the bearing traditional values were appreciated in Athens. Rather than moderation of courage being chased to prevent death from arrogance or shame from cowardice, Socrates held that moderation of courage should be pursued in order to promote a virtuous soul.Therefore, it can be argued that Socrates is advocating a departure from the physical world to the spiritual world, in the attitude by whi ch Athenians ought to engage traditional values. The effect of a departure from the way in which traditional values are engaged, is depicted in his conversation with Crito. While Socrates states that he is forfeiting his life out of respect for the Athenian law, now that we understand his position on the difference in magnificence between spiritual and worldly values, the message he is sending can be interpreted differently.There are two points that give rise to this new interpretation. The first is that in Socrates comparison of harming the soul with harming the body, he states that only the individual himself can harm his own soul (Gallop, 1997, 37, 48a). This meant that only by submitting to unvirtuous behaviour, will an individual tarnish his own soul (Gallop, 1997, 37, 47a). As a result, if Socrates were to escape prison, he would be harming his soul in order to avert physical harm. The second point is that Socrates values the preservation of the soul over the preservation of the body (Gallop, 1997, 37, 47a).This is seen when Socrates questions are our lives worth living with a poor or corrupted body? (Gallop, 1997, 37, 47e). victorious these two points into consideration, it is possible to interpret Socrates forfeiting of his life as a mockery of the Athenian legal punishment in order to adhere to his own virtues. The message he is sending is that individuals ought to pursue their interpretation of the traditional values, and in the case where they are punished for it, it will not matter because harming the body is insignificant compared to harming the soul.This is again seen in when he states that we should not fear the opinion of the majority, but should only concern ourselves with the opinion of the secure (Gallop, 1997, 37, 47a). Accordingly, while Socrates was sometimes portrayed as being conservative for promoting the appreciation of traditional values and for forfeiting his life in the name of the justice system, when his theory of the spirit ual and physical realm are introduced, two points show that he is not a conservative. The first point is that he is promoting a deviation in the way traditional values are engaged.The second point is that he encourages other citizens to deviate regardless of the physical harm that may be done to them. Based on these two points, I hold that Socrates use of the elenchus to stir Athenians out of complacency is radical. In conclusion, Socrates use of the elenchus was openly accepted to be motivated by a desire to stir Athenian citizens out of complacency. The question that was the focus of this essay was whether his intentions behind this displace was conservative, to reinforce and maintain the traditional Greek values, or radical, to stimulate a new approach to values.There was evidence which defended that Socrates was a conservative, however, it was shown that this conservative motive was only a front. Evidently, his conduct and theories suggest that Socrates was more on the side of a radical. Cornford, M. (1974). The republic. New York Oxford University Press. Gallop, D. (1997). Crito. New York Oxford University Press. Gallop, D. (1997). The Republic. New York Oxford University Press. Jowett, B. (2009). Apology. Retrieved from http//classics. mit. edu/Plato/apology. html.